
*" * 3 



3. 



* " 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS! 

; ♦ 

[SMITHSONIAN DEPOSIT.] 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.! 



y 



6 -ft* 

<7t$~i*> 2./, /n/. 



V 



^ U<*V«yv\ 






V> , 



vj-tuviX* 






\ \ % \ V 



JU 



&. <• 



*• I v \^»* 



4 * 



\ 



A 

COMPENDIOUS AND EASY 

GRAMMAR 
FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING 

THE 

FRENCH LANGUAGE, 

WHICH MAY, ALSO, BE USED FOR ACQUIRING, WITH FACILITY, 

WITHOUT £.N INSTRUCTOR, / 

A Perfect Understanding of the French Writers, 

IN THEIR NATIONAL IDIOMS. 



DIVIDED INTO THIRTY LESSONS, 

Preceded by a collection of phrases, to be committed to memory on commencing 
the study of the French and its Sister Tongues, 

SPANISH AND ITALIAN 

CONVERSATIONS ON EDUCATION, &C. 






/ < 

BY HENRIGUEGAN, 

Late Professor of his Vernacular Tongue at the Gy 
Institution of Washington. 




ARTEM EXPEUIENTIA FECIT, EXEMPLO MONSTRANTE VIAM. 



CITY OF WASHINGTON: 

;0L» BY THOMPSON & HOMANS, AND J. RIORDAN, Washington; JAMES THOMAS, AND 

R. cr0ikshank, Georgetown; and by wm. m. Morrison, Alexandria. 

PETER FORCE, PRINT. 
1831. 



Ski* . 



Entered according to the Act oj Congress, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and thirty one, by Peter Force, in the clerk's office 
of the District Court of the District of Columbia, 



TO 



MY PUPILS OF BOTH SEXES, 



AN* 



THE ENLIGHTENED INHABITANTS 



OS 



THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 



The following Pages 

Are respectfully inscribed 
by 

Their humble and obedient servant, 

# 
HENRI GUEGAN. 



Capitol Hill, July, 1831. 



INTRODUCTION TO A FRENCH GRAMMAR 



CONTAINING 



A Collection of phrases to be committed to memory on commenc- 
ing the Study of the French, and its sister tongues Spanish and 
Italian, . . . . . ii--ix. 

Accents peculiar to the French Language, . . viii. 

Signs of punctuation common to every one, • „ ix. 

CONVERSATIONS 

I. On Education in general, . • . x. 

II. On the study of the dead languages, « . xii. 

III. On the study of the living languages, . . xiv. 

IV. On the French language, . . xvii. 

V. On the French pronunciation, . . . xviii. 

VI. On the Variations in pronunciation, . . xix. 



I) 



English . 
I. 

1 Good morning, Sir. 

2 Good evening, Madam. 

3 Good night, Miss. 

4 Tell me if you please. 

5 Have the goodness to tell me. 

6 I beg your pardon. 

7 How do you do ? 

8 How does your father do ? 

9 How are your sisters ? 

10 Give them my respects. 

11 Where are you going? 

12 I thank you. 

13 I am very sorry. 

14 I am obliged to you. 

15 I am very much obliged to him. 



French. 
I. 

1 Bon jour, Monsieur. 

2 Bon soir, Madame. 

3 Bonne nuit, Mademoiselle. 

4 Dites moi s'il vous plait. 

5 Ayez la bonte de me dire. 
6 1 Je vous demande pardon. 

7 Comment vous portez vous ? 

8 Comment se porte monsieur votre > 

pere ? $ 

9 Comment se porte mesdemoiselles ) 

vos soeurs ? \ 

10 Presentez leur mes respects. 

11 Oii allez vous? 

12 Je vous remercie. 

13 J'en suis tres fache. 

14 Je vous suis oblige. 

15 Je Iui suis tres oblige. 



II. 

1 I am very glad of it. 

2 I was very gl id of it. 
It is fine weather. 
It snows now. 
It thundered last evening, 
I did not hear it. 
It freezes now. 

8 I am glad of it. 

9 We shall have rain to-day. 

10 It will not rain. 

11 I do not believe it. 

12 How is your family ? 
53 They are very well. 

14 I am very well. 

15 He was well yesterday. 






III. 

1 Do you think he will go ? 

2 I do not know. 

3 At your service. 

4 What o'clock is it? 

5 It is eight o'clock. 

6 It was ten o'clock, 

7 I am very glad to see you. 

8 I was very glad to see him. 

9 No matter. 

10 I beg you will excuse me. 

11 Do you know me ? 

12 Did you know me ? 

13 I do not know you. 

14 Come to see me. 

15 I cannot come to-day. 



II. 

1 J'en suis bien aise. 

2 J'en fus enchants. 

3 II fait beau terns. 

4 11 neige maintenant. 

5 fl tonna hier soir. 

6 Je ne l'ai pas entendu. 

7 II gele maintenant. 

8 J'en suis charme. 

9 Nous aurons de la pluie aujourfi'hui. 

10 II ne pleuvra point. 

1 1 Je ne le crois pas. 

12 Comment va votre famille ? 

13 On s'y porte a merveille, 

14 Je suis tres bien. 

15 II etait bien hier. 



III. 

1 PensPK vous qu'il ira ? 

2 Je ne le s. is pas. 
A votre service. 
Quelle heure est il ? 
il est huit heures. 
1! etait dix heures. 
Jf suis charme de vous voir. 
Jf fus charme de le voir. 
N'importe. 

10 Je vous prie d'accepter mes excuses 

1 1 Me connaissez vous ? 

12 Me connaissiez vous ? 

13 Je ne vousconnais pas. 

14 Venez me voir. 

15 Je ne puis venir aujourd'hui. 



HI 



Spanish. 
I. 

1 Buenos dias Senor. 

2 Buenos tardes Sefiora. 

3 Buenos noches Seiiorita. 

4 Digame Vmd si gusta. 

5 Tenga Vmd la bondad de decirme, 

6 Escuseme Vmd 6 perdoneme Vmd 

7 Como esta Vmd? 

8 Como esta el Senor su padre. 

9 Como estan las Sefioritas su9 herm 

anas ? 

10 Saladelas Vmd de mi parte. 

11 A donde va Vmd ? 

12 Selo agradezco. 

13 Lo siento mucho. 

14 Estoy obligado a Vmd. 

15 Le estoy muy obligado. 



Italian. 
I. 

1 Buon gierno, Signore. 

2 Buooa sera, Signora. 

3 Buona notte, Signorina. 

4 Ditemi di grazia. 

5 Abbiate la bonta di dirmi. 

6 Vi chiedo, or domaudo scusa. 

7 Come state ? 

8 Come sta il vostro, Signor padre? 

9 Come stanno le vostre, Signore, so 

relle ? 

10 Salutatele da parte mia. 

1 1 Dove andate ? 

12 Vi ringrazio 

13 Mi rincresce molto. 

14 Vi sono tenuto. 

15 Gli son molto obbligto. 



II. 

1 Me alegro mucho. 

2 Me alegre mucho. 

3 Hace buen tiempo. 

4 Ahora nieva. 

5 Trono anoche. 

6 No lo oi. 

7 Hiela ahora. 

8 Tengo gusto de eso. 

9 Llovera hoy. 

10 No llovera. 

11 No lo creo. 

12 Como e9ta su familia ? 

13 Estan muy buenos. 

14 Estoy muy bueno. 

15 Ayer estaba muy bueno, 



II. 

1 Mene rallegro molto. 

2 Mene rallegrai molto. 

3 Fa bel tempo. 

4 NeVica aiitfsso. 

5 Toono jeraera. 

6 Non 1' udii. 

7 Gela adesso. 

8 Ne ho gran gusto. 

9 Piovera oggi. 

10 Non piovera. 

11 Uon lo credo. 

l£ Come sta la vostra famiglia 

13 Stanno benissimo. 

14 Sto benissimo. 

15 Stava 3 b£ne jeri. 



III. 

1 Cree Vmd que ira ? 

2 No lo se. 

3 P;na servir a Vmd. 

4 Que hora es ? 

5 Son bis ocho. 

6 Erao In* dies. 

7 Tengo mucho gusto de ver a Vmd. 

8 Me alegre mucho de verle. 

9 No importa. 

10 Ruego a Vmd me escuse. 

11 Me conoce Vmd? 

12 Me conocio Vmd? 

13 No concxo a Vmd. 

14 Venga Vmd a verme. 
16 No puedo venir hoy. 



III. 

1 Credete che andra ? 

2 Non saprei. 

3 Per servirvi. 

4 Cheorae? 

5 Sono le otto. 
G Erano le di^ci. 

7 Ho gran gusto di vedervi. 

8 Ebbi gran piace> di vede>lo 

9 Non importa. 

10 Vi pre'go di scusarmi. 

11 Mi conoscete ? 

12 Mi conoscevate ? 

13 Non viconosco. 

14 Venite a trovarmi. 

15 Non posso venir eggi 



IV 



English. 
IV. 

1 Have you learned your lesson \ 

2 I had no time to study. 

3 What have you done ? 

4 I have done nothing. 

5 Where is your brother ? 

6 He is in the country. 

7 Where are you going? 

8 I am going to the play. 

9 Shall I go with you ? 

10 Will you go with me? 

11 I cannot, 1 am not well. 

12 What is the matter with you ? 

13 I have the head-ache. 

14 I have the tooth-ache. 

15 I am unwell. 



French. 
IV. 

1 Avez vous appris votre lecon. 

2 Je n'ai pas eu le tems d'eludier. 

3 Qu' avez vous fait ? 

4 Je n'ai rien fait. 

5 Ou est votre frere ? 

6 fl est a la campagne. 

7 Ou allez vous ? 

8 Je vais a In comedie. 

9 Irais-je avec vous ? 

10 Voulez vous venir avec moi ? 

11 Je ne le puis, Je ne suis pas bien. 

12 On' avez vous ? 

13 J'ai mal a la e:e. 

14 J'ai md aux dents. 

15 Je ne 6uis pas bien. 



V. 

1 Have you slept well 1 

2 Have you dined well ? 

3 I have no appetite. 

4 Are you hungry now ? 

5 Are you thirsty ? 

6 1 am cold. 

7 I am very warm. 

8 Wash your face. 

9 Give me some water. 

10 Call your servant. 

11 He went out just now. 

12 Ring the bell. 

13 There is no string. 

14 It broke yesterday. 

15 Ring; the bell in the next room. 



1 Avez vous bien dormi? 

2 Avez vous bien din£ 1 

3 Je n'ai pas d'appetit. 

4 Avez vous faim maintenant? 

5 Avez vous soif ? 

6 J'ai froid. 

7 J'ai tres chaud. 

8 Lavez votre figure. 

9 Donnez moi de l'eau. 

10 Appelez votre domestique. 

11 II vient de sortir a 1'instanL 

12 Sonnez la cloche. 

13 II n'y a point de cordon. 

14 II fut cas^e" hier. 

15 Sonnez la cloche dans la chambre 

voisine. 



VI. 



Have you breakfasted ? 

No, Sir, have you ? 

I came to breakfast with you. 

Do you like coffee ? 

Yes, I am very fond of it. 

1 like chocolace. 

I do not like tea. 

8 I liko tea very much. 

9 I like tea. 

10 Do you eat butter? 

1 1 Yes, when it is good. 

12 Will you have some toast? 

13 H*ve you fresh bread ? 

14 The baker brought it just now. 

15 Give noe a little of it. 



VI. 

1 Avez vous dejeune ? 

2 Non monsieur, et vous ? 

3 Je suis venu dejeuner avec vOus. 

4 Aimez vous le cafe ? 

5 Oui, Je Paime beaucoup. 
ti J'aime le chocolat. 

7 Je n'aime pas le the*. 

8 J'aime beaucoup le the 

9 J'aime le the. 

10 Mangfz vous du beure I 

1 1 Oui, quand il est bon. 

12 Voulez vous du pain roti ? 

13 Avez vous du pain frais ? 

14 Le boulanger vient de 1'apporteT. 

15 Donnez en moi un peu. 



Spanish. 
IV. 

1 Ha aprendido Vmd la lecion ? 

2 No he tenido tiempo de estudiar. 

3 Que ha hecho Vmd? 

4 Nad a. 
Donde esta su hermano? 
Esta en el campo. 
Adoade va Vmd? 
Voy a la couaedia. 
Quiere que ire con Vmd? 

10 Quiere Vmd venir con migo ? 

1 1 No puedo, no estoy bueno. 

12 Que tiene Vmd? 

13 Dolor de cabeza,6 me duele lacabeza. 

14 Dolor de muelas. 

15 No estoy bueno. 



Italian. 
IV. 

1 Avete imparato la lezione ? 

2 Non avevo tempo di studiare, 

3 Che av&e fatto ? 

4 Non ho fatto nulla. 

5 Dov' e '1 vostro fratello ? 

6 Sta in campagna. 

7 Dove andate ? 

8 Vado alia commedia. 

9 Volete ch' io venga con voi 2 

10 Volete venir meco ? 

1 1 Non posso, non isto be"ne. 

12 Che avete ? 

1 3 H» mal alia testa, or mi duol la testa. 

14 Mi dolgono i de'nti. 

15 Non mi se'nto bene. 



V. 



1 Ha dormido Vmd bien ? 

2 Ha comido Vmd bien ? 

3 No tenia gana. 

4 Tiene Vmd ahora hambre ? 

5 Tiene Vmd sed ? 

6 Tengo frio. 

7 Tengo mucho calor. 

8 Lavese Vmd la cara. 

9 Dame la agua. 

10 Llame Vmd a su criado. 

1 1 Acaba de salir. 

12 Toca la campana. 

13 No hay ciuta. 

14 Se rompio ayer. 



5 Vea otro cuarto y toca la campana. 15 



1 Avete ben dormito ? 

2 Avete pranzato b£ne ? 

3 Non avevo fame. 

4 A.ve'te fame era ? 

5 Avete sete ? 

6 Ho freddo. 

7 Ho gran caldo. 

8 Lavatevil il viso. 

9 Datemi dell' acqua. 

10 Chiamate il vostro se*rvo: 

11 E appunta uscito. 

12 Suonate la campan^lla. 

13 Non v' e corda. 

14 Si rtippe jeri. 

Andate nell' altra stanza e suonate ; 



VI. 



VI. 



Ha almorzado Tmd ? 
No Senor, ha Vmd ? 
Vengo a almorzar con Vmd. 
Legusta a Vmd el cafe ? 
Si me agrada mucho. 
Me gusta el chocolate. 
El te no me gusta, 

8 Muchisimo me gusta el te. 

9 Me gusta el te. 

10 Come Vmd mantequilla ? 

11 Cuando es buena, si. 

12 Quiere Vmd tostados ? 

13 Quiere Vmd pan caliente ? 

14 Acaba de traerlo el panadero. 

15 Deme Vmd un poco. 

2 



1 Avete fatto colazione ? 

2 Non, signore e voi ? 

3 Son venuto a farla con voi 

4 Vi piace il eaffe* ? 

5 Si, mi piace molto. 

G Mi piace la cioccolata. 

7 Von mi piace il te. 

8 Mi piace moltissimo il te. 

9 Mi piace il te 

10 Alangiate butirro ? 

1 1 Si, se e buono. 

12 Volete del pane arrnstito ? 

13 Avete pan fre'scd ? 

14 II fornajo I 1 ha portato adesso. 

15 Datemene un poco. 



n 



English. 


French?. 


VII. 


VII. 


1 Is the dinner ready ? 


1 Le diner est il pret ? 


2 It will be ready very soon. 


2 11 sera bientot pret. 


3 The dinner is brought up. 


3 Le diner est sur la table. 


4 What shall we have for dinner. 


4 Qu'aurons nous pour diner-? 


5 Some roast veal. 


5 Du veau roti. 


6 Roast beef and mutton. 


6 Du bceuf et du moutoo roti. 


7 A leg of mutton boiled. 


7 Un gigotde mouton bouilli. 


8 Some spinach and broccoli. 


8 Des epinards et du brocoli. 


9 A salad and radishes. 


9 Une salade et des radis. 


TO An apple tart. 


10 Une tarte aux pommes. 


1 1 A pigeon pie. 


11 Un pate de pigeons. 


12 We hadagood dinner. 


12 Nous avons eu un bon diner. 


33 I dined very well. 


13 J'ai bien dine. 


14 Let us go to bed now. 


14 Allons nous coucher maintenan 


15 I am tired. 


15 Je suis lasse. 



VIII. 



VIII. 



1 Give me my new shoes. 

2 What coat will you wear ? 

3 The green one, with silk buttons. 

4 Give me my silk waiscoat. 

5 Has the shoemaker brought my boots ? 

6 Yes, sir, he has. 

7 Bring them here. 

8 Give me a clean neckcloth. 

9 I want a handkerchief too. 

10 I want to shave. 

11 Give me a good razor. 

12 Bring up some warm water. 

13 I have no towel 

14 I will give you one directly, 

15 Give me my silk stocking?. 



1 Donnez moi mes souliers neufs. 

2 Quel habii voulez vous mettre ( 

3 Le vert avec des boutons de soie. 

4 Donnez moi moo gilet. 

5 Lecordonniera t-il apporte" mes bottes 

6 Oui, monsieur, il les a apporte. 

7 Apportez les ici. 

8 Donnez moi une cravatte propre. 

9 11 me taut aussi, un mouchoir de poche. 

10 J'ai besoin de me faire la barbe. 

1 1 Donnez moi un bon razoir. 

12 Apportez de I'eau chaude. 

13 Je n'ai point de serviette. 

14 Je vous en donnerai une sur le champ ► 

15 Donnee moi mes bas de soie . 



IX. 



IX. 



1 Is your master come ? 

2 He will come at ten o'clock. 

3 Have you written an exercise <? 

4 Yes, 1 have. 

5 Where is it ? let me see it. 

6 Here it is ; no, it is not. 

7 1 have lost it. 

8 You did not write any. 

9 I assu'e you I have. 

10 Have you learned the verbs by 

heart? 

11 1 lost my grammar. 

12 I found it. ^ut this morning. 

13 Read, and translate. 

14 You do not read well. 

15 Learn your lessom 



1 Votre maitre est il venu I 

2 I! viendra 5 dix heures. 

3 Avez vous ecrit un theme ? 

4 Oui, monsieur, je l'ai e'crit. 

5 Ou est il ? montrez le moi. 

6 Le voici ; non ce n'est pas lui 

7 Je l'ai perdu. 

8 Vous ne Favez pas e'crit. 

9 Je von* assure que je l'ai e'crit. 

10 Avez vous appris les verbes 

cceur ? 

11 J'ai perru ma grammaire. 

12 Je ne l'ai tronv£ que ce matin. 

13 Lisez et traduisez. 

14 Vous ne lisez pas bien. 

15 Apprenez votre lecon 



P ar| 



VII 



SfANISH. 

VII. 

1 Esta hecha la coraida ? 

2 Estara pronta luego. 

3 La comida esta en la mesa. 

4 Que tendremos de comer ? 

5 Ternero asado. 

6 Vacay carnero asados. 

7 Un cuarto de carnero cocido. 
3 Espinacas y brocoles. 

9 Ensaladasy rabanos. 
16 Empanada de manzanas, 

11 Pastel de pichones. 

12 Tuvimos buena comida. 

13 He comido muy bien. 

14 Vatnos ahora a dormir. 
14 Estoy cansado. 



Italian. 
VII. 

E il pranzo pronto? 
2 Sara pronto siibito. 
o II pranzo e in tavola. 

4 Che vi sara per pranzo '{ 

5 Del vitello arrostito. 

6 Arrosto di manzo, g di castrato. 

7 Un coseiotto bollito, 

S Degli spinaci, e dei broccoli. 

9 Un' insalata, e deiravanelli. 

1 Una crostata di pome. 

1 1 Un pasticcio di piccioncini. 

12 Abbiamo avuto un buon pranzo, 

13 Ho pranzato benissimo. 

14 Andiamo a letto dra. 

15 Sono stance 



VIII. 

1 Dame Ios zapatos neuvos. 

2 Que vestido quiere Vmd ponerse ? 

3 El verde con butones de seda, 

4 Dame el chalaco de seda. 

5 Trajo et zapatero las botas ? 

6 Si sefior las trajo. 

7 Traelas aqui. 

8 Dame una corbata limpia. 

9 Tambien necesito un pafiuelo. 

10 Quiero rasurarme. 

11 Dame una buena navaja. 

12 Sube una poca deagtia caliente. 

13 No tengo toalla. 

14 Voi a dar a Vmd una. 

15 Dame las medias de seda. 



VIII. 

1 Datemi !e scarpe nuove. 

2 Che vestito volete mdttervi ? 
•5 II verde coi bottdni di seta. 

4 Datemi la comiciuola dieeta. 

5 Ha portato gli stivali il calzolajo i 1 

6 Si, signore, gli ha portati. 

7 Portateli qui. 

8 Datemi una cravatta pulita. 

9 Vorrei unche un tazzole'tto. 

10 Vorrei farmi la barba 

1 1 Datemi un buon rasdjo. 

12 Portate su dell' acqua calda. 

13 Non ho lo sciugatojo. 

14 Vene daro subito uno. 

15 Datemi le calzdtte di se'ta. 



IX. 



1 Ila venido el maestro ? 

2 Vendra a las diez. 

3 Ha escrito Vmd su egercicio ? 

4 Si seiior lo tengo escrito. 

5 Donde esta ! Dejeme Vmd verlo. 

6 Este es, no, no es este. 

7 Lo he perdido. 

8 Ninguno ha escrito Vmd. 

9 Aseguro a Vmd que lo escribi. 

10 Ha aprendido Vmd Ios verbos de 

memoria. 

1 1 Se perdio mi gramatica. 

12 No lo encontre hasta esta maiiana. 

13 Lea Vmd y traduzca. 

14 No lee Vmd bien. 

16 Aprenda Vmd su leciorv 



IX. 

1 E venuto il vostro maestro ? 

2 Verra alle didci. 

3 Avete scritto un tema ? 

4 Si, signore, 1' ho scritto. 

5 Dov' e ? fatemelo vedere. 

6 Eccolo ; no, non e questo. 

7 L' ho perduto. 

8 Voi non 1' avete scritto. 

9 V assicuro chel'ho.scritto. 

10 Avete imparato i verbi a mente. 

1 1 Persi la mia grammatica. 

12 Non 1' ho trovata che questa mattina. 

13 Leggdte e traduce'le. 

14 Voi non leggete bene. 

15 Imparatc la vostra lezione. 



vm 



English. 
X. 

5 Give me a sheet of paper. 

2 Bring the inkstand here. 

3 Give me some ink. 

4 Can you make pens ? 

5 Here is one well made. 

6 It is too hard. 

7 1 have no more at home. 

8 Give me some sealing wax. 

9 Have you got wafers ? 

10 I have not one. 

11 Have you written the letter ? 

12 Seal this letter. 

13 Send it to the post office. 

14 Give it to my servant. 

15 Carry this letter to the post office. 



French. 



1 Donnez moi une feuillede papier. 

2 Apportez Penci ier ici. 

3 Donnez moi de Pencre. 

4 Savez vous tailler les plumes ? 

5 En voici une bien taillee. 

6 Elle est trop dure. 

7 Je n'en ai plus a la maison. 

8 Donnez moi de la cire a cacheter 

9 Avez vous des pains a cacheter ? 

10 Je n'en ai pas un. 

11 Avez vous e"crit la lettre ? 

12 Cachetez cette lettre. 

13 Envoyez la a la poste. 

14 Donnez la a mon domestique. 

15 Portez cette lettre a la poste. 



►•£•*« 



ACCENTUATION 

Peculiar to the French language. 



NAMES 

of the Signs in 

ACCENTUATION. 



AIGU, 
GRAVE, 

CIRCONFLEXE, 

CEDILLE, 

APOSTROPHE, 

Trema, 



FORM 

of the 

SIGNS. 



DE S IGN AT ION 

of each of 

THE SIGNS. 



Accent Acute, is never placed but on an e, 
ahd render its sound acute. 

Accent Grave, is placed over a, c, w, and 
renders the sound broader. 

Accent Circumflex, is placed usually over any 
vowel, when a letter has been suppressed, 
and gives to all the syllables in which it is 
found, a broader sound, generally, than that 
eonveyed by the grave accent. 

The Cedilla, is placed under c , giving it the 
sound of s before the vowels a, o, «, generally 
in order to preserve, in the derivative words, 
the soft sound to the c that it has in the root. 

The Apostrophe, marks the suppression, in 
writing, of the final vowel of one word before 
the initial vowel, or h mute, of the following 
word ; in which cases, the vowel thus omitted 
is supplied by the apostrophe 

The Diaeresis, is placed over the vowels c, i, 
«, to mark that contrary to analogy, they are to 
pronounced distinctly from the vowels by 
which they are accompagnied. 



N. B. — In order to facilitate the pronunciation of the Italian, all the words have 
been accented, but the grave accent is only used in writing. 



IX 



Spanish. 
X. 

1 Deme Void un plie^o de papel. 

2 Traigame Vmd aqui el tintero. 

3 Deme Vmd una poca de tinta. 

4 Sabe Vmd cortar plumas ? 

5 Vea Vmd una bien cortada. 

6 Esta, esta muy dura. 

7 No ten^o mas en casa. 

8 Deme Vmd un poco de lacre. 

9 Tiene Vmd obleas ? 
JO No tengo ni una. 

1 1 Ha escrito Vmd la carta ? 

12 Sella esta carta. 
IS Maxidata al correo. 

14 Dela Vmd a mi criado. 

15 Lleva esta carta al correo. 



Italian. 
X. 

1 Datemi un foglio di carta. 

2 Portate qui il calamajo. 

3 Datemi un poco d' inchiostro. 

4 Sapete temperar le penne ? 

5 Eccone una ben lemperata, 

6 Que'sta e troppo dura. 

7 Non ne ho piu in casa. 

8 Datemi della cera. 

9 Avete cialde ? 

10 Non n' ho neppur una. 

1 1 Avete scritta la lettera ? 

12 Sigillate questa lettera. 

13 Mandarela alia pasta. 

14 Datela al moi servo. 

15 Porta questa lettera alia p«sta 



PONCTUATION 

Commune a chacune des langues. 



MjVIS 
des Si^nes regus 

dan« la 
PONCTUATION. 



Virgule, 

Point et Virgule, 

Deux Points, 

Point Final, 

Point d'interrogation 

Point d'exclamation, 

Points suspensifs, 

Parenthese, 

Trait d'union, 

Trait sublineaire, 
Guillernets, 



1 UR.MES 

des 
S1GXES. 



( ) 



DESTINATIONS 

de chacun 
DES SIGNES. 



Marque la moindre des pauses une pause 
presqu'insensible. 

Marque une pause un peu plus lougue que 
la virgule. 

Marquent une pause encore plus conside 
rable. 

Marque la plenitude du sens, et la plus 
Jongue des pauses. 

Se place a la fin des phrases interroga- 
tives. 

Se place a la fin des phrases exclama 
tives. 

Marquent la suppression d'un sens par- 
tiel. 

Renferme les parties etrangeres a une 
proposition. 

Lie les mots que l'usage a reunis en un 
seul. 

Fixe Pattention du lecteur sur certains 
mots. 

Se place avant les citations. 



Nota. — Le Trait sublineaire et les Guillernets ne sont pas rigoureusment parlant, 
des signes de Ponctuation. Us ne soht compris dans ce tableau que pour /aire 
connaitre leur usage. 



CONVERSATIONS 



OF EDUCATION. 

I should be glad to know your ideas on 
education. 

You question me there upon a subject of 
the greatest importance, and upon 
which a voluminous treatise might be 
written. 

I do not wish you to enter deeply into the 
question, only to give me a few general 
maxims. 



I imagine the most essential point is care- 
full v to study the character and dispo 
sitions of the pupil. 

That is likewise my opinion ; and the 
plan which suits one pupil may not 
succeed with others. 

There are even children whose disposi 
tions are so variable, that the same 
method, cannot constantly be pursued 
with them. 

Those fickle characters must give a great 
deal of trouble to the master. 

A master will acquire great ascendency 
over his pupil, if he has previously 
succeeded in gaining his affection, and 
particularly his confidence. 

It is certain, that when the scholar is at- 
tached to his master, he will fear to 
offend him. 

And. if he has confidence in him, he will 
not endeavour to deceive him, but will 
always reply with candour and frank- 
ness. 

That supposes the master to possess a 
great stock of mildness and patience. 

Without, however, excluding a steady 
firmness, to bring back the pupil to his 
duty, whenever he swerves from it. 



I. 

de Education. 

Je serais charme de savoir quelles sont vos 
idees sur V education. 

Vous m'interrogez la sur une matiere de la 
plus grande importance, et sur laquelle 
onpourrait ecrire un traite volumineux. 



Mon intention n* est pas que vous approfon- 
dissiez la question, mais seulement que 
vous me donniez quelques principes ge- 
neraux. 

Je pense que le point le plus essentiel est 
d'etudier avec soin le caractere tt les 
dispositions de son Sieve, 

Cent aussi mon sentiment; ct tel plan eon* 
viendrait pour un enfant qui ne reussi- 
rait pas avec d'autres. 

II est meme des enfans dont les dispositions 
sont si changeantes, qu'on ne peut suivre 
constamment la meme marche avec 



Ces sortes de caractcres inconstans doivent 
donner bien du mal a un instituteur. 

Un maitre aura toujours beaucoup des- 
cendant sur son eleve, sSl a su d'abord 
gagner son atnitie, et surtout sa confi- 
ance. 

II est sur que quand un enfant aime son 
maitre t il craint de lui deplaire. 



Et s'il a confance en lui, il ne cherchera 
pas a le tromper, mais il lui repon- 
dra toujours avec candeur et Jran- 
chise. 

Cela suppose que le maitre a un granil 
fond de douceur et de patience. 

Sans cependant exclure une grande fermete, 
pour rappeler V eleve a son devoir , 
toutes lesfois qu*il s'ert ecarte. 



XI 



According to your notions, you are no ad 
vocate for severe punishments. 

It is sometimes necessary to use them, 
but as a physician uses violent reme- 
dies, when others fail. 

Except with some untractable characters, 
it is certain that mildness succeed? 
much better than severity. 

When it is necessary to have recourse to 
seventy, it must always be done with 
moderation. 

It is better to make the child sensible 
that he is punished only from painful 
necessity. 

There are a thousand little privations 
which may be imposed upon a pupil, 
and which he will feel more sensibly 
than corrections. 

But at the same time, we must never 
neglect to remunerate him when he 
gives satisfaction. 

Too much attention cannot be bestowed 
in forming the heart, as well as the 
mind of the scholar. 

In that respect, private education has a 
advantage over a public 



D'apres vos principes, vous ne seriez pas- 
pour Vusage des chatimens ri^oureux. 

On est quelquefois oblige oVen user, mais 
comme un medecin use des remedes vio- 
lens, quand les autres sont insvffisans. 

Excepte avec quelques caracteres intraita- 
bles, il est certain que la douceur rtussit 
toujours rnieux que la severite. 

Lors mtme qu'on est oblige abuser de seve- 
rite, ilfaut toujours lefaire avec mode- 
ration. 

II vaut Men mieux que V enfant sente qu'on 
ne le punit que par une penible ne- 
cessity. 

II est mille privations qu'on peut imposer 
a son eleve, et qui souvent lui seronl plus 
sensibles que les chdtimens. 

Mais aussi il ne faut jamais manquer de 
le recompenser, lorsqu'il nous donne de 
Id satisfaction. 

On ne saurait trop s'appliquer a former le 
cosur, en mtme temps que Vesprit des 
enfans. 



considerable 
one. 



The master, being constantly with his 
pupil, has every moment an opportuni- 
ty of instructing him, without his per- 
ceiving it. 

Me can likewise form his judgment, and 
correct his ideas, whenever he per- 
ceives that they are erroneous. 

For that purpose, it would be necessary 
for the master and pupil to be almost 
always together ; which would be a 
great restraint on the latter. 

He who undertakes the office of a tutor, 
must know that he is no longer hi«< owo 
master, but must devote himselfentire- 
ly to his pupil. 

It is certainly absolute slavery ; but what 
a satisfaction, when you see the fruits 
of tfae labour you have bestowed ! 



Sous ce rapport, 



un grand avantage sur 



'education parti culiere 
education 



publique. 

Le maitre etant sans cesse avec son eleve, 
il a a chuque instant V occasion de lui 
donner des lecons, sans memc qu'il s'en 
apercoive. 

II peut aussi former son jugement, et re- 
former ses idees, toutes les Jois qu'il 
s'apercoit qu'elles sont erronees. 

Ilfaut pour cela que le maitre et I'elcve 
soient presque toujours ensemble; ce qui 
est, pour r.e dernier, un grand assuje- 
tissement. 

Celuiqui se charge des fonctions dHnstitu 
teur, doit savoir qu'il nest plus a lui- 
meme, mais qu'il se doit tout entier a 
son elcve. 



C'est un veritable esclavage, il est vrai ; 
mais aussi quelle satisfaction ; quand on 
voit le fruit despeines qu'on a rises! 



xu 



Unhappily, we see children so unwilling 
to attend to the lessons of their masters, 
that these are necessarily disgusted 
with taking so much pains in vain. 

If we were closely to inquire into it, we 
should sometimes see that it is the mas- 
ter's fault when he does not succeed 
better. 

Every body is not so happy as to have the 
patience necessary to discharge so la- 
borious a duty. 

And yet, without that patience, it is im- 
possible rightly to conduct an educa- 
tion. 

No wonder then, if we find so small a 
number of tutors capable of making the 
most advantageous use of the abilities 
of their pupils. 

There are very few who have the talent 
of removing the preceptor from before 
the pupil, and presenting only the 
friend. 

It is certain that the character of infants 
is so volatile, that the great art is to in- 
spire them with a love of application 



On voit malheureusement des enfans si 
retifs aux he- ns de leurs maitres, que 
ceux ci se degoutem necessairement de 
prendre tant de peines en vain. 

Si Von examinait bien, on verrait quelque- 
fds que e'est lafaute du maitre quand it 
ne reussit pas mieux. 



II n'est pas donne a tout le monde d* avoir 
la patience necessaire pour des fonctions 
aussi penibles. 

Et cependant, sans cette patience ; il est im- 
possible de bien diriger une education. 

II n'est done pas etonnant qu'on trouve si 
pen dHnstituteurs qui parviennent a tirer 
tout le parti possible des dispositions de 
leurs eleves. 

Cest quHl en est bien peu qui aient le 
talent defaire oublier le maitre, pour ne 
laisser voir que Cami. 



II est certain que les enfans sont si legers, 
que le grand art consiste a leur inspire^ 
V amour de V etude* 



II. 

0N THE STUDY OF THE DEAD 
LANGUAGES. 

In our last conversation, we spoke of edu- 
cation in general : in the following we\ 
will review, if you please, the different^ 
languages which constitute a good edu- 
cation. 

We will begin, if you think proper, by the 
study of the dead languages. 

The Greek and Latin are two languages 
which have been always considered as a 
key to the Afferent sciences. 

And that with justice ; for the Greek and 
Latin authors present ws with the fine si 
models of eloquence and lasie. 



Besides, all the sciences have borrower 
from these two language, and principal 
ly from the Green, thetr technical terms 



II. 

DE L'ETUDE DES LANGUES 
MORTES. 

Dans notre dernier entretien, nous avons 
parle de Feducation en general ; dans 
celui-ci, nous passerons en revue, si 
vous voulez, les dirTerentes langues 
qui entrent dans le plan d'une bonne 
education. 

Nous commencerons. si vous le jugez 
convenable, par l'etude des langues 
morles. 

Le grec et le latin sont deux langues qu'on 
a touj'>ai\s regnrdees coLome la clef des 
differentes sciences. 

Et e'est av?c justicp; car les auteurs grecs 
et latins nous offrent le plus beaux mo- 
deles d'eloqueoce et de goflt* 

En outre, toutes les sciences ont emprun- 
re* !f ces i'eux Ungues, et pnncipaie- 
ment du grec, leurs lermes techniques. 



£111 



II is then indispensable to be master of these 
two languages, when we are called in 
life tofill situations which require know 
ledge. 

Yes, certainly; but what method is to be 
pursued in the study of these two langua- 
ges? 

I will first observe, that there is never any 
occasion to speak or write in Greek, and 
it is very seldom that we are obliged to 
express ourselves in Latin. 

It should appear then, that the custom of 
making scholars compose in Latin is of 
no great utility ? 



II est done indispensable de posseder ceis 
deux langues, quand on est appele a 
remplir dans la societe" des fonctions 
qui exigent del'instruction. 

Oui, sans doute ; mais quelle marche 
faut il suivre dans l'&ude de ces deux 
langues ? 

J'observerai d'abord, qu'on n'a jamais 
occasion de parler ni d'ecrire en grec, 
et qu'il est bien rare qu'on soit oblige 
de s'exprimer en latin. 

11 semblerait done que l'usage de faire 
composer les eleves en latin soit assez 
inutile ? 



It would be wrong to neglect it altogether; Cependant on aurait tort de le rejeter 
it serves, at least, to impress the rules of 
the language more deeply on the mind. 



I should have thought that the ancient cus- 
tom of writing every treatise on the scien- 
ces in Latin, being laid aside, it would be 
sufficient to acquire a perfect knowledge 
of the best authors. 

Indeed, attention ought to be paid to this 
particularly, but without, however, en 
tirely dropping composition in the lan- 
guage you teach, at least in the Latin. 



tut will the scholar, who has phrases given 
him to translate into a language he doe." 
not understand, choose the mostpjoper 
expressions ? 

I confess he will not : and therefore there 
could be no better invention, than to put 
into his hands books of themes, in which 
the expressions he is to make use of ait 
supplied. 

Why do they not do the same thing for the 
Greek ? 



Because that language is less extensively 
used than the Latin, and it is sufficient to 
be able to understand the Greek authors 
-which have reached us. 



iff it is necessary sometimes to write or ex 
press ourselves in Latin, at least, we ari 
never obliged t$ make Latin verses. 
.3 



il sert au moins a graver plus profonde- 
ment dans l'esprit les regies de la lan- 
gue. 

J'aurais cru que l'ancien usage d'ecrire 
en latin tous les traites sur les sciences, 
ayant 4t6 abandonne, il suffisait de se 
borner a acque>ir une parfaite intelli- 
gence des meilleurs auteurs. 

C'est aussi a quoi Ton doit particulierev- 
ment s'appliquer, mais sans cependant' 
ne'gliger de faire composer dans la lan- 
gue qu'on enseigne, au moins pourle 
latin. 

Mais un eleve a qui Ton donne des phra* 
ses a traduire dans une langue qu'il 
n'entend pas, saura-t-il choisir les ex- 
pressions les plus convenables ? 

Je conviens que non : aussi rien n'est il 
mreux imagine que de lui mettre entre 
les mains des livrf s de themes, ou soient 
indiquees les expressions dont il doit 
faire usage. 

Pourquoi ne pas faire la meme chose 
pourle grec ? 

Parce que cette langue est d'un usage 
moins universel que le latin, et qu'il 
suilit d'etre en etat de comprendre les 
auteurs grecs qui sont parvenus jusqu' 
a nous. 

Si Ton est quelquefois oblige d'ecrire oti 
de s'exprimer en latin, au moins on n'a 
K jamais besoin de faire des vers latio^ 



XIV 



/ acknowledge if ; but it is an amusement 
in which we sometimes like to indulge 
ourselves ;_ and besides, he who cultivates 
Latin poetry, is more able to feel the 
beauties of Virgil and Horace. 



I conceive, that in order rightly to enjoy the 
poets, we must be something of a poet 
ourselves. 

We have a vast number of epitaphs, in- 
scriptions, and distichs made by the 
moderns^ which the ancients themselves 
would not disown. 

I willingly subscribe to your opinion, that 
to be master of a dead language, it is 
necessary to be able to write, at least 
tolerably well, in that tongue. 



J'en suis d'accord ; mais c'est un amuse- 
ment auquel on aime quelquefois a se 
livrer ; et d'ailleurs, celui qui cultive 
les muses lafines est plus en e"tat de 
sentir les beaut^s de Virgile et de 
Horace. 

Je concois que pour gouter parfaitement 
les poete?, il faut Stre un peu poele soi- 

raeme. 

Nous avons une foule d'e'pitaphes, de- 
scriptions, de distiques faits paries mo- 
dernes, que les anciens eux-memes ne 
desavoueraient pas. 

J'adopte volontiers votre opinion, que, 
pour bien poseeler une langue morte, 
il faut etre en etat d'ecrire, au moins 
passablement, dans cette langue. 



III. 

OP THE STUDY OF THE LIVING 
LANGUAGES. 

The study of the living languages having 
become, within these few years, a very 
essential part of education, I should like 
to know the method you recommend to be 
pursued ? 

It must necessarily differ from the study of 
the dead language* ; for it is not now 
reckoned sufficient to understand authors 
it is likewise necessary to be able to hold 
a connected conversation. 

It is also of importance to write correctly on 
every subject we may have to handle. 



Consequently, particular pains must bi 
bestowed on composition. 

What method would you adopt to enable 
your pupil to express himself withfacili 
ty in a foreign language. 



The^e are several which may be successive- 
ly employed. 

You suppose no doubt that he is acquainted 
mth the fir st principles of grammar ? 



III. 

DE L'ETUDE DES LANGUES 
V1VANTES. 

L'e'tude des langues vivantes etant deve- 
nue, depuis quelques annees, une par- 
tie essentielle de l'education, je desire 
savoir la methode que vous voudriez 
que 1'on suivit ? 

Sile doit necessairement differer de celle 
pour 1'etude des langue? rnortes ; caril 
ne suMit plus seulement d'entendre les 
auteurs, il taut encore se mettre en £tat 
de tenir une conversation suivie. 

il est important aussi de pouvoir ecrire 
correct^.ment sur tou9 les sujets qui peu- 
vent se presenter. 

Par consequent, il faut donner un soin tout 
particulier a la composition. 

Quel est le moyen que vous emploieriez 
pour rendre votre eleve capable de 
s'exprimer avec facilite dans une langue 
e'trangere ? 

11 en est plusieurs qu'on peut employer 
successivement. 

Vous supposez sans doute qu'il connatt au 
moins les premiers elemens de la gram- 
maire ? 



XV 



Certainly : and that he is well acquainted 
with the rules of pronunciation. 

Is it not necessary even that his memory 
should be furnished with a considerable 
number of ordinary words and phrases? 

A good methodical vocabulary zvill serve 
him for this. 

If your vocabulary be too concise, it will bt 
insufficient; if too long . your pupil will 
have some difficulty in committing so 
many words to memory. 

But supposing the vocabulary to be of con- 
siderable length, it is not necessary to 
know all the words so as to be able to re- 
peat them as a scholar does his lesson. 



You must be satisfied then, in order to re- 
lieve his memory, if on pronouncing each 
word in his own language , he is able to 
express it in the language he is learning? 



That exercise is sufficient, and is attended 
with very little trouble. 

When once your pupil is well acquainted 
with his vocabulary, what booh do you 
next put into his hands ? 

I would next give him more complicated 
dialogues, each of which should represent 
a regular conversation, and not detach- 
ed sentences. 

All this will not enable him to hold a con- 
nected conversation; he will be able t<- 
say all that is in his dialogues, and no- 
thing more. 

I will mention a last exercise which will 
compleatly form his ear, and enable hiti 
to understaud all he hears, and conse 
quently express himself with facility. 



I should be glad to know a method attended 
with so many advantages. 

It is to take a well-written book in the style of 
conversation, and to read yourself suc- 
cessively each clause of a sentence sujjk 
cient tojorm some sense, 



Certainement ; comrae aussi qu'il connait 
bien les regies de ia prononciation. 

N'est-il pas m£ne necessaire que sa 
me'moire soit meublee d'un nombre 
considerable de mots et de phrases 
familieres ? 

C'est a quoi lui servira un bon vocabulaire 
methodique. 

Si ce vocabulaire est trop concis, il sera 
iusuffisant ; s'il est trop Joog, votre 
eleve aura de la peine a retenir un si 
grand nombre de mols. 

Mais en supposant le vocabulaire d'une 
certaine etendue, il n'est pas necessaire 
de savoir tous ces mots de maniere a 
pouvoir les reciter comme un ecolier 
repete sa leeon, 

Vous vous contenterez done, pour soola- 
ger sa memoire, qu'en lui nommant 
chaque mot dans sa propre langue, il 
puisse le dire dans la langue qu'on lui 
enseigne ? 

Cette methode 9uflit, et pre'sente tres-pett 
d'inconve"niens. 

Quand une fois votre eleve est bien famil- 
iarise avec son vocabulaire, quel livre 
lui donnerez-vous ensuite ? 

Je re ferais passer a des dialogues plus 
compliques et dont chacum offrirait une 
conversation reguliere, et non des 
phrases detachers. 

Tout cela ne le mettra encore gutre en 
etat de tenir une conversation suivie ; 
il saura dire tout ce qui est dans ses 
dialogues, et rien de plus. 

Voici un dernier moyen qui achevera de 
lui former Poreille, et de lui faire com- 
prendre tout ce qu'il entend, et par 
consequent de s'expriuier lui-meme 
avec facilite 

Je desire beaucoup connailre une methode 
qui presente de si grands av an Uiges. 

C'est de prendre un bon ouvrnge, ecrir 
dans un style familier, et de lire \ous- 
meme successivement chaque membre 
de phrase suffisant pour former uf 
sens, 



XVI 



I see what you are going to say : the pupil 
will then be obliged to repeat the same 
clause in his own language. 

By that means, I come to acknowledge 
whether he understands all he hears. 

Have you no other method oj accelerating 
a proficiency in that branch ? 

7 have another, which is equally useful, and 
of which we will speak, after having said 
a few wrds on the easiest method of wri- 
ting in a foreign language. 

You no doubt recommend as the first step 
an attentive study of the grammar ? 



fhis should be the foundation of the whole 
edifice: without a thorough knowledge of 
the grammar, it is impossible to acquire 
a language. 

Wes; but there is in every language a vast 
number of modes of expression of which 
the grammar can make no mention. 

On that account, it is absolutely necessary 
to make use of the last method I am going 
to mention. 

I am anxious to know what method it is to 
which you attach so much importance 't 

It consists in taking successively several 
well-written works in the learner's Ian 
guage, and to make him translate them 
into the language he is learning. 

This practice must indeed give him great 
facility of expression. 

The master then has an opportunity of 
teaching him rules which relate only to 
the niceties or elegance of the language 

What works do you give the preference to 
for translating ? 

Those which are written in the colloquial 
style, or which treat of history. 



Je vois ou vous voulez en venir ; l'eleve 
sera alors .oblige* de vous r^peter le 
meme mernbre de phrase dans sa propre 
langue. 

Par la, je m'assure s'il comprend bien 
tout ce qu'il entend. 

N'avez-vous pas encore quelqu'autre 
methode de hater les progres dans 
cette partie ? 

'en ai une autre qui est tout ^galement 
utile, et dont nous parlerons apre? 
avoir dit un mot de la mefhode la plus 
facile d'ecrire dans une langue etran- 
gere. 

II n'y a pas de doute que vous n'etablis- 
siez pour premier moyen, Telude ap- 
profondie de la grammaire ? 

Oe doit etre le fondement de tout l'e*difice : 
sans la connoissance de la grammaire, 
onne peut bien posseder une langue. 

Oui ; mais il est dans chaque langue une 
foule de tournures dont les gram«aires 
ne peuvent faire mention. 

C'est pour cela qu'il est indispensable 
d'avoir recours au dernier moyen dont 
il me reste a vous parler. 

Jesuis curieux de savoir quel estce moy- 
en auquel vous attachez tant d'impor- 
tance ? 

II consiste a prendre successivement 
plusieurs ouvrages bien ecrits dans la 
langue de l'eleve, et a les lui faire tra- 
duire dans la langue qu'on lui enseigne. 

Cet usage doit effectivement lui donner 
beaucoup de facilite a s'exprimer. 

Le maitre a pour lors 1'occasion de lui en- 
seigner certaines regies qui ne regar- 
dent que les delicatesses ou 1'elegance 
du langage. 

Quels sont les ouvrages que vous feriez 
traduire de preference. 

Ceux qui sout ecrits en forme de dia- 
logues, ou les livres d'histoire. 



It is certain that the historical style ap 
proaches nearest to that of conversation 



11 est vrai que le style de l'histoire est 
celui qui se rapproche le plus da styjfe 
II de la conversation 



IV11 



IV. 

6F THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 



The French language is now become so 
general, that it is considered in both 
hemispheres as an essential part of ed- 
ucation. 

You will no longer be astonished at it, 
when you are acquainted with the 
causes that have procured it this pre- 
ference. 

I know that France has produced writer? 
of great ability ; but in that respect 
other countries may dispute with her 
the superiority. 

We will not enter into any discussion on 
that point, it would carry us too far. 

What then are the other reasons that have 
been able to make the French language 
the common language, especially of Eu- 
rope ? 

In the first place, the central situation of 
France, which by that means, finds her 
self connected with all the other coun 
tries in this part of the world. 

It is true that of all the countries of Europe 
it is that which lies contiguous to a 
greater number of others. 

Another reason that may be assigned, is 
the great importance which France ha? 
acquired among the powers of Europe 
since the reign of Lewis the fourteenth. 



I grant you that ; but in that case, French 
would only be necessary to those in- 
tended for ministers or ambassadors. 



You are not ignorant that France has long 
been the resort of those who travel for 
pleasure or information. 

Yes, I know that the friendly reception 
foreigners meet with in that country, 
has always attracted a great many 
there. 



Not to mention the mildness of the climate, 
the advantages of living at a small ex- 
pence, and particularly the love of 
pleasure, so powerful in the French. 

If all these causes have contributed to 
make the study of the French language 
so general, I should (hink that the diffi- 
culties it presents must disgust. 

These difficulties are perhaps not so great 
as is imagined. 

I have studied the French language for 
several years, and am still much at a 
loss to express myself. 

You would soon be much less so, if you 
had opportunities of speaking French 
constantly. 



That is no doubt the reason why, since 
that reign, French is become the only 
language made use of in diplomatic 
transactions. 

1 will attribute this preference to another 
cause. 

You mean, I suppose, the perspicuity 
which is considered to form a leading 
feature in that language. 

It is that, in my opinion, which has pro 
cured it a preference in political dis- 
cussions, wherein it is s© important to 
-avoid all ambiguity. 



I endeavour to supply that defect as much 
a3 I can, by reading the best authors. 

That is an excellent method ; but yoa 
cannot by that means acquire the style 
of conversation. 

I confess that when I am in company with 
French people, many things are said 
that 1 have a difficulty in understand- 
ing. 

Because the style of conversation abounds 
in nice and delicate expressions, which 
can only be acquired by frequent inter- 

I course with genteel company. 



XV1U 



V. 



OF THE FRENCH PRONUNCIATION. 



J like the study of the French language 
much ; but I acknowledge that the pro 
nunciation frequently perplexes me. 

It does not, however, present so many 
difficulties as the English pronunciation. 

There are sounds in French that are are 
not found in any other tongue. 

There are only six ; the vowel u, the 
double vowel eu long, and the four nasa! 
vowels, an, in, on and un. 

You take no notice of the gn and the /, 
liquid ? 

Because these two sounds are found in the 
Italian and Spanish languages ; the li 
quid/ is likewise found in English. 

I had no idea of that. 

We, however pronounce the liquid I as 
you do in the English word valiant. 

Do you think a foreigner can succeed in 
pronouncing the French language cor 
rectly ? 

We continually meet with persons who 
pronounce so as to be taken for French 

It is, I suppose, in consequence of hav- 
ing travelled and resided some time in 
France. 

I know some such who were never out 
of their country. 

Then they must have associated a great 
deal with the French. 

There are some who have had no habit- 
ual intercourse but with their master. 

The master must then be a man of distin- 
guished abilities. 

It is certain, that in order to give a good 
pronunciation, the master must pro- 
nounce well himself. 

What method would you adopt to form 
the pronunciation of a pupil ? 



The very first thing should be to make 
him feel the force of' each sound, and 
not allow him to fall into any vicious 
habit of pronouncing. 

The master with whom I began, first pro- 
nounced each word, and afterwards 
made me repeat it. 

This method is much better than leaving 
the pupil to guess at sounds which 
it is impossible he should yet know. 

When I was somewhat more advanced, 
he used first to read to me part of a 
phrase, and sometime after, he took a 
whole sentence. 

I approve of that method much ; but the 
scholar must be willing to adopt it. 

It is true that one of the greatest incon- 
veniences a master meets with, is when 
pupils are of such a disposition that 
they will pretend to direct themelves 
what lessons they are to learn. 

This is the reason why there are very 
few that make any proficiency under 
the instruction they receive. 

I have seen persons that never could suc- 
ceed in pronouncing the French w. 

Nothing, however, is more simple : first, 
pronounce e as it is pronounced in the 
English alphabet ; and without any oth- 
er change in the position of the organs, 
than somewhat closing the lips, you 
will pronounce the French u. 

And how will you teach the pronuncia- 
tion of the dipthong eu long, which 
gives us so much trouble, especially 
when in conjunction with the dipthong 
ou, as in rigoureux, douloureux ? 

By the same means as to pronunce the 
french u; only close the lips somewhat 
less. 

So that these three sounds, e English, and 
u and cm French, differ in the manner of 
pronouncing them only by the approxi- 
mation of the lips ? 



XlX 



The articulation is precisely the samp ; 
the lips are more open in pronouncing 
the English e or French i; less so in 
pronouncing eu ; and almost closed in 
pronouncing u. 

I shall be much obliged to you to explain 
to me, in the same manner, how the 
organs act in pronouncing the four nasal 
vowels an, in, on, un ? 

Let us, in the first place, take four Eng 
lish words, in which these four sounds 
are found, but without the nasal pro- 
nunciation ; answer, ejdire, onset, undo. 

I see in the sound of the first syllable 
of these four words, nothing that ap- 
proaches your nasal sounds. 

The difference consists in your pronounc- 
ing the consonant n, by a motion of the 
tongue against the roof of the mouth ; 
and in the French nasals the tongue 



makes no motion, but the sound of the 
vowels is impel!edtowards the nostils 
as by a kind of aspiration. 

That seems to me clear enough : have the 
goodness now to explain to me the pro- 
nunciation of the gn. 

Let us take the English word dignity ; 
and the organs being disposed to pro- 
nounce the first syllable dig, instead of 
entirely sounding the g, endeavour, 
without changing the situation of the 
tongue, to pronounce the second syla- 
ble ni. 

I perceive, that t neither pronounce dis- 
tincly,gnor n, but that I blend the 
sound of these two consonants. 

You see, that with a little attention, it is 
easy to succeed in familiarising one's- 
self with all the sounds of the French 
language. 



VI. 



OF THE VARIATIONS IN PRONUNCIATION. 



The French have one dpfect, which make 
it difficult for me to follow them in con- 
versation ; they speak too fast. 

And would you believe that I have for a 
long time found that the English have 
the same fault ? 

You will never persuade me that we speak 
as fast as the French, and particularly 
as the Italians. 

It is certain, that the inhabitants of the 
south are of a more lively character 
than those of the north ; and, conse- 
quently, they speak with more rapidity. 

That observation makes against your re- 
mark, that we speak too fast. 

Ifit has seemed so to me, it was because 
my e*r not being accustomed to the 
sounds of your language, 1 could only 
seize them in proportion as they were 
pronounced slowly and distinctly. 



What perplexes foreigners a good deal is, 
that there is a great difference in pro- 
nouncing French in conversation, and 
in reading. 

It is true, that in familiar conversation, 
certain contractions are admitted, which 
are not allowed in correct reading. 

You do not pronounce the final consonants 
before vowels, at least commonly. 

Conversation may be considered of two 
sorts ; in familiar conversation, the fi- 
nal consonants are not pronounced, ex- 
cept when the two words are intimate- 
ly connected. 

For instance, when it is impossible to se- 
parate them by inserting another word. 

But in a serious conversation, between 
persons discussing some important sub- 
ject, the pronunciation approaches near- 
er to that of reading. 



XX 



I have heard it said, that it is a kind of 
pedantry to pronounce in conversation 
as in reading. 



Undoubtedly ; but it is possible to connect 
words in manner so little discernible, 
that all appearance of affectation is 
avoided. 

There are masters who accustom their 
pupils to pronounce in reading, as they 
should in conversation. 



That method has great inconveniences ; 
for, in the first place, it is teaching their 
pupils to read very badly. 

But, in general, when we learn a living 
language, it is not with a view to read 
publicly, but to be able to converse in 
that language. 



1 acknowledge it ; but no person will be 
censured for pronouncing correctly, 
provided, as I said, it be done without 
affectation. 

I am perfectly sensible that a foreigner, 
speaking with less volubility, has less 
occasion to use contractions. 

Another inconveniency attending the me- 
thod of which we are speaking, is the 
difficulty, not to say the impossibility, 
of giving settled rules upon those cases 
in which certain letters may be sup- 
pressed. 

I easily conceive that it is the only prac- 
tice of conversing, that can teach us 
what custom allows, and what it does 
not allow. 

Even custom itself differs much, accord- 
ing as persons have received an educa- 
tion more or less genteel 



THE 

ELEMENTS 



sxmif oar (KBiifflsa&R 



FIRST PART. 



X HE design of French Grammar is to teach both the rules, and thedevia 
tions from those rules, which custom has imposed upon the language spoken 
by the French Nation. 

All grammar is constrained, as it were, to consult custom, and to be regu- 
lated thereby : for custom is the universal arbiter of languages. Custom is, 
however, capricious ; we cannot therefore wonder at the many exceptions 
which we find to general rules. 

In no country has philosophy presided at the formation of languages ; and 
this observation is very necessary to be made in reply to those people, who 
are shocked at the irregularity which pervades grammatical rules, and do not 
comprehend why masters, from not being able to confine their instructions 
to one uniform track, refer their scholars so often to general custom and to 
practice. 

A complete grammar ought to comprise every rule and every exception; 
but an elementary grammar needs only treat of those rules and deviations 
which are positive and invariable. Use is so changeable and indefinite, that 
the most extensive grammar can scarcely point out the numberless shades of 
difference observable in it ; these can only be learned by practice. 

In order, therefore, to have a perfect knowledge of a language, we must 
not only be masters of all rules and established deviations of it, but we must 
also compare the genius, the constructions, and the idioms of it. with those 
of our own language. We must observe in what cases we make use of dif- 
ferent articles, words, tenses, prepositions, &c, and likewise what is to be 
omitted or added, where we ought to brgin and end a sentence; in a word, 
we should as it were, transfer ourselves into the midst of the nation which 
speaks the language we are then studying. 

All this is not to be found in common grammars, but it forms a main object 
in the plan of this method. 

The rules which use and custom have imposed on the French language^ 
extend, 1st, to the letters ; and, 2dly, to the words of which it is composed. 
I* 



OF THE LETTERS. 



Capital (1). Small. 
A a 

B 
C 
D 
E 
F 
G 
H 
I 
J 
K 
L 
M 
N 
O 
P 

0. 

K 
S 
T 
U 
V 
X 
Y 
Z 



b 
c 
d 
e 
f 

g 

h 

i 
J 

1 

m 
n 
o 

P 

q 

r 

s 
t 
u 

V 
X 

y 

z 



*/<e Sound. 

pap-a 

bla-b 

(2) 

did 

5am -e 

fcuff 

(3) 
«») 

tf-id 

plea-t-ure 
Yor-k 

whi-l-e (4) 
some 

s-o me 

sw p (5) 

For k (6) 

a-rr-es£ y N B.) 

g«e-ss (7) 

bit 

no proper sound 

wa ve 

wa x (8) 

yes 
vi-z 



dipthokgs. 

the Sound, 
pap a 
p-aw 
fate 
m ai-d 
t i me 
in ai-d 
thr-o-ne 
no p sound 

sam-e 
f-a-te 

yes 

m-ai-d 

mad 
fate 

thr-o-ne 

m ai d 

g'i-rl 
/-ie-ld 

hit 

thro-ne 
fate 

gi-rl 

no p. sound 
ou, ou m oo d 
u, u, u no p. sound 



a 

a. 

83 

ai 

ai 

aie 

au 

aii 
e 

e 

e 

ea 

eai 

eau 

ei 

eu 

i 

6 

03 
03U 

oi 



OBSERVATIONS. 



The letters A, E, I, O, U, Y, are call- 
ed vowels and the others consonants. 

(0 

The capital letters are used in French 
nearly as in English. 
(*) 

C, before e, i. y. sounds as ss in guess. 

C, with a cedilla under it, as ss in gwe-ss. 

Elsewhere C sounds as k in Yor-k. 

Ch, before a vowel is often, but not 
always, pronounced as sh in sh-eaa. Ev- 
ery where else, especially before a con 
sonant, as ch in Ch-/ons. 

. ( 3 ) 

G, before e. i, 3/, sounds as s in pZea- 
sure. Before a n, almost always as gn 
in in pot-go-ant. Elsewhere, as g in /og 

III. sounds as le in whr le, in the word* 
codicille distilie, Gilles, idylle % Lille, nvlle. 
vaciller, tranqirlle, u?7/e, and in then d 
Tivatives. Elsewhere, as ill in m-di-ion. 



Ph sounds as/. 



(5) 



NASAL TOXESv 



aen 

aim 

ain 

am 

m 

ion 

ean 

ein 

em 

en 

eon 

eun 

ien 

im 

in 

ein 

oai 

on 

urn 

un 

yen 



c 

O 

VI 

£-. 

<i> 
CU 

o 

u 

o 



(6) 
Qw as /o in Acta; For-k. 

(?) 
S, between two vowels, and when join- 
ed with the vowel of a following word, 
sounds as s in bos om. 

(8) 
X, before the vowel of a following word, 

and in the words dixieme, dixiemement, 

sounds as s in bos-om — In dix as ss in 

gue ss. 

(N. B.) 

One of the greatest perfections of the 
French pronunciation is to pronounce r 
properly; if it were proiiounced softly, 
»s in English, our language would loose ft 
jreat deal of its energy. 



jn. 

With respect to the letter H, all grammarians eommit two faults— The 
arst is, they assert that this letter is sometimes aspirated in French; that is 
to say, that it is pronounced with a gentle breath proceeding from the bot- 
tom of the throat ; but it is never so pronounced-, for in those words where 
it is said to be aspirated, it only serves to prevent the connection of the word 
in which it is, with that which precedes it.— The other fault is, that they 
give a list of those words in which they assert that the H is aspirated and 
which are near 200 in number, instead of the li*t of those in which it may 
be connected with the preceding words, and which are not more than 60—- 
as follows :— (Their deviations are not reckoned here.) 

The words in the preceding 
list are all connected in the pro- 
nunciation with the consonant 
that precedes them, and, like 
those words which begin with the 
vowels a, e, i,o, u, y,they cause 
the words which follow to lose 
their final letter, and to be mark- 
ed with an apostrophe (') 

Before a Vowel. 
d> 



habile 


clever 


histoire 


history 


habit 


dress 


histricn 


stroller 


habit er 


dwelt 


hiver 


winter 


ha'issabh 


hateful 


hoire 


inheritance 


haleine 


breath 


hombre 


ombre 


halo 


halo 


homelie 


homily 


hamegon 


fish-hook 


homme 


man 


iiarmcnie 


harmony 


hommage 


homage 


heberger 


to harbour 


honnete 


honest 


hibeUr 


to besot 


honneur 


honour 


htbreu 


hebrew 


hupital 


hospital 


t \ eg ire 


hegira 


horloge 


clock 


Helvetie 


Helvetia 


horreur 


horror 


heraldique 


armorial 


hospice 


hospital 


herbe 


herb 


hostie 


host 


heritage 


heritage 


hostilitt 


hostility 


heroine 


heroine 


hote 


host 


hero'ique 


heroical 


huile 


oil 


heroiqw- 

merit 


I heroically 


huissier 
hull re 


usher 
oyster 


heroisme 


heroism 


humain 


human 


herpes 


(rails) 


humble 


humble 


htsiter 


to hesitate 


humecter 


to humect 


heur 


luck 


huineur 


humour 


hewre 


hour 


humidc 


humid 


heureux 


happy 


hijdre } 


hydra 


hier 


yesterday 


hymen \ * 


hymen 


hilarite 


mirth 


hymne ) 


hymn 


hirondelle 


swallow 







* And almost all the words derived from the 
Greek. 



de 

MO 

jusque 

la (1) 

le (1) 

lorsque 

me 

ne 

presque 

puisque 

que 

quoique 

se 

si il 

si ils 

ce est 

ce e'tait 

ce £taient, &c. 

ce a 

ce avail 

ce aurait 

ce eut,&:c. 



J' 

jusqu' 

r 
r 

lorsqu' 
m' 
n' 

presqu' 
puisqu' 

quoiqu 
s» 

s'il 

s'ils 

c'est 

c'etait 

c'^taient 

5'* . 
c'avait 

9'aurait 

c'eut,&c. 



OBSERVATIONS. 
(1) When they are pronouns, 
and follow the verb, they are 
written without an apostrophe, 
as : je, le, la. 

REMARKS — So more instances in pronunciation, because the hearing the sounds 
from the mouth of a good master, and of one who is very strict on this subject, is 
indispensable ; nor is it necessary to enter into any detail on the various sounds of 
our letters, dipthongs, or monothongs, and nasal tones, because a perfect knowledge 
of them cannot be learned but by degrees and long practice, with the assistance of 
a master who is not only a native of France, but who has received a liberal edu- 
cation in one of its colleges, or at least been a pupil of one. 



OF WORDS. 

In order to understand grammatical rules.it is neeessary to patticularze 
ten different sorts of words in the French language, and teacher- rnus* he 
Very careful to point them out and explain them to their pupils ; other vi*e 
they cannot comprehend what is meant by grammar. It is therefore o +; ic 
greatest importance to ieti i^. as accurately as possible, the ten sorts of 
words, which are called — Parts of Speech. 



1st, THE ARTICLE, 

Which helps to point out a thing — the 
father my father, this father, a father, one 
father, twenty fathers, some father, what 
father, the tenth father, &c. — Here th 
word father is the same in each case, 
though the same father is not meant. 
Therefore, the words the, my, this, a 
one, twenty, some, what, the tenth, which 
help to point out the father spoken of, 
are articles. 



2%, THE NOUtt, 

Which signifies a thing — table, stone 
chamber, street, sheep, birds, &c. called 
common nouns, because there is notable^ 
stone, chamber, street, sheep, birds. &c. to 
Which these words are not applicable — 
Peter, Joseph, Henry. France, America. 
Potomac, Jupiter, &e. called proper nouns. 
or proper names, because these words are 
not applicable to every man, to every 
country, to every river, to every deity, 
&c. 



3dly, THE ADJECTIVE, 

Which denote? the quality of a thing — 
\hf round table, the long table, the great 
table, the narrow table, the black table 
the red table, &c Here the word table 
and ihe article the. are the same in each 
ca*e, though th° same table is not meant ; 
it is bv the qualities of the table, that we 
distinguish the one we mean ; so that the 
words round, long, great, narrow, black 
red. which indicate the qualities of the 
table are adjectives. 



4thly, THE PRONOUN, 

Which is put instead of the noun — my 
father has bought some apples ; he has 
i^iven them to me, J have eaten them ; I 
have given two of them to my brother ; 
he has bitten them ; he would have liked 
those which I had not yet eaten ; 1 have 
seen him on the point of being angry ; 
he checked himself, and tj)c embraced each 
other, &c. He is put instead of my father; 
/and me instead oi my own person; them, 
two of them, those, which, instead of ap- 
ples ; he, himself instead of my brother; 
we and each other, instead of me and my 
brother; so that these words, I, he, them, 
those, which, &c. are pronouns. 

Stbly. THE VERB, 

Which expresses the action of a thing— I 
sing, I drink, I play, I say, I think, &C; 
These are so many actions, and conse- 
quently so many verbs. 

There are two verbs, to be and to have, 
one of which expresses existence and the 
other possession ; and which are called 
auxiliary verbs : as, I am loved, I was 
admired. I shall be praised, &c. — I have 
loved, 1 had admired, I shall have praised. 

6thly. THE PARTICIPLE 

Is that word, from the other verbs, which 
i* often found joined with the auxiliaries 
to be and to have — 1 am loved, I was 
admired, I shall be praised, &c. When 
alone, or joined to the verb to be, the 
participle signifies the action of a thing to 
ne in a certain state ; and, when joined 
to the verb to have s it denotes thai the. 
action is at an end. 



7thly. THE ADVERB, 

Which denotes the manner and degree o 
ftny action — Yes, I say ; no, I do nut say 
I single//; 1 sing ill; I sing along time; 
I run fast; I run slow; 1 give liberally 
I «peak loud ; I speak low ; I love ten 
derly; I displease him much; I seelitfi 
of him. As the manner and degree ofaO 
those actions are expressed by the worn 
yes, not, well, ill, a long time, fast, slow 
&c. these words are adverbs. 

The adverb denotes, likewise, the 
time and place of any action— 1 shall see 
you to- day, to morrow, at the Capitol, ant 
I will talk to you there about my friend 
who is now out 

The .idverb expresses, also, the degret 
of quality in any thing. — That is a very 
hand'Orne woman ; an excessively ugh 
man, &c. 



8thly, THE PREPOSITION, 

View* the thing in different lights — in my 
chamber; besides my chamber ; out of my 
chamber; upon my chamber ; through tnv 
chamber ; far from my chamber ; behind 
my chamber, &c. Here the word chain 
her is the same in each case ; but it is 
considered in different points of view, by 
mean^ of the words in, besidis, out of 
i/pon, through, far from, behind ; these 
then are prepositions 

The preposition can, in like manner 
be prefixed to the pronoun — in me, before 
me, after me, far from me, behind me 

A list of the prepositions is given §IV 



9thly. THE INTERJECTION, 

Which expresses the emotions of the 
mind — Mas! lack a day! lo! pshaw! good 
God! dear me! 'sdeath! zounds! &c. not 
used in correct speaking. 



iOthly. THE CONJUNCTION, 

•Vhich connects words and sentences to- 
gether. I have seen my brother; this sen- 
tence is complete : but if I ^vere to say, 
S>nce I have seen my brother, this phrase 
would not be so. Therefore, since, which 
is the only additional word, requires that 
nother member of a phrase should be 
joined to it, in order to complete the sen- 
tence : for instance — Since I have seen my 
[broth' r, I am no longer uneasy about his 
^health It follows from hence, that since 
us a conjunction, as well as all words 
which suspend the sense of a phrase, or 
which connect several phrases together. 

N B — The French grammar needs 
only to distinguish two sorts of conjunc- 
tions ; those which are affirmative, and 
govern the indicative mood ; and those 
which are contingent, and govern the sub- 
junctive. A list of the first is given, § V, 
and a list of the others is to be found 
after the subjunctive mood of the tw» 
auxiliary verbs, § XVI. 



Such are then the Ten Parts of Speech and 
their properties. 



I The Article helps to point out a thing. 

2. The Noun names a thing. 

3. The Adjective denotes the quality of a 

thing 

4. The Pronoun is a substitute for athing. 

5. The Verb expresses the action or state 

of a thing. 

6. The Participle denotes the end of the 

action, or the state of a thing. 

7. The Adverb indicates the manner and 

degree, the time and place of the ac- 
tion, state or quality of a thing 

8. The Preposition varies the view of a 

thing. 

.9. The Interjection expresses the emo- 
tions of the mind, 

10. The Conjunction connects all these 
parts of speech together. 



Now, a teacher ought to make his pupils apply these definitions, because 
experience always taught that they never thoroughly comprehend grammatical 
rules, if they have cot a clear idea of what is meant by nouns, articles, pro- 
nouns, adjectives, &c. 



10 

J IV. 

A LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. 



About, environ 

above, au dessus de 

according to, suivant 

after, apres 

against, contre 

agreeably to, selon 

along, le long de 

amid, amidst, au milieu de 

among, amongst, parmi 

around, autourde 

as far as jusque (dative) 

as for, pour ce qui est de 

as to. quant (dative) 

at, chez 

at the risk of, au risque de 

at the sight of a la vue de 

at the time of, lors de 

athwart, en travers de 

Becmise of, a cause de 

before ((he place), devant 

before (the time), avant 

behind, derriere 

beneath, par dessous 

besides, outre 

between, betwixt, entre 

by par 

by means of, au moyen, de 

(seldom, moyennant) 
by strength of, a force de 
by the side of. a cote de 
by virtue of, en vertu de 
Close by, tout proche de 
close to, tout contre 
concerning, concernant 
conformably to, conformi- 

ment a, 
considering, vu 
contrary to, contre 
cross, a travers, au travers 

de 
During, pendant 



Even from, des 
except, excepts 
excepting, hormis 
Far from, loin de 
favoured by\alafaveur de 
for, pour 

for less than, a moins de 
for the sake of, pour 

V amour de 
for want of,faute de 
forward, pardevant 
for whatconcerns,a/'egard 

de 
from, de 
from (to imitate, to cite, to 

quote), cT apres 
from above, de dessus 
from (to remove), d'aupres 

de 
from (to discern), oVavec 
from among, oV entre 
from before, de devant 
from behind, de derriere 
from beyond, de dela 
from under, de dessous 
from upon, de dessus 
from within, de dedans 
Hard by, tout pres de 
In, en 

in lieu of, a la place de 
in order to, pour 
in point of, en fait de 
in presence of, en presence 

de 
in spite of, en depit de 
in spite of (notwithstand 

ing), malgre 
instead of, au lieu de 
in the life of, du vivant de 
in the time of, du temps de' 



into, dans 
Near, pres de 
near by, aupres de 
next, proche 

ext after, apres 
next to, proche de 
notwithstanding, nonobstant 
Of, de 
on, sur 

on account of, par rapport a 
on the other side, au-deld de~ 
on this side, en degd de 
opposite, vis-a-vis de 
out of, hors de 
out of (the presence), de 

devant 
over, par ~dessus 
over against, visa vis de 
Round, autour de 
Save, saving, sauf 
sheltered from, a convert dt 
seeing, vu 

secure from, dVabri de 
since, depuis 
Through par 
throughout, durant 
till, jusque (dative) 
to meet, au-devant de 
touching, touchant 
toward, vers 
towards, envers 
Under, sows 
underneath, dessous 
until, jusque (dative) 
With, avec 

with a view to, en vue de 
within, dans 
without, sans 

with respect to, quanta ce 
qui est de 



N. B. — No nation use the same prepositions as another nation, because the one 
considers a thing under a certain point of view, while the other considers it under 
another. No rules can be given upou this matter, which must be learned, like the 
cistoms of a nation, by time and observation. 



11 



*▼• 



CONJUNCTIONS which govern the indicative. 



. j. ) selon que 

Accord.ngas^.J^ 

after (that), apres que {]) 

as, comme 

as (quick) as, aussi (vite) 

que 
as far as, autant que 
as if comme si (2) 
as long as, tant que 
as much as, autant que 
as often as toutes lesfois qut 
as soon, des que 
as though, comme si (2) 
as well as, aussi bien que 
at the instant when, au mo- 
ment que 
at the same time that, en 

meme tempi que 
at this time when, aujour- 

cThui que 
Because, parce que 
be*ide (that), outre que • 
Considered as (m*n), en tant 

que (homme) 
considering ^ttiat), vu que 

! a" autant plus 
que 
d'autant mieuoc 
que 
even as, de meme que 
even as if, tout comme si (2) 



ven though, quand meme 
^ven when, Ion meme que 
For all (you are great),tout 

(grand) que (vous etes) 
In the same measure as, a 

mesure que 
f, si (2) 

n as much as, d*autant que 
iii proportion as a propor 

don que 
nstead of which, au lieu 

que(\) 
in such a manner that, de 

maniere que (3) 
it is long since, il y a long 

temps que 
Just as 
just when 

Now that $™ aintenant 9 ue 
) a present que 

On account that, a cause 

que 
one day as, when, unjour 

que 
P erhap*(ihai) peut etre que 
Scarcely.. .when, a peine. . 

que 
seeing (that), attendu que 
•Mnce (the time thdii),depui 

que 
since (\\vat), puis que 

OBSERVATIONS. 



comme 



o (great) as, aussi (grand) 

que 
(not) so (great) as, (pas) si 

(grand) que 

o long as, tant que 

o much as, iellement que (3) 

i aussitot que 
o soon as { .. * 
£ sitol que 

[he is) so (rich) that (il est) 

si (riche) que 

,, , i en sorte que (S) 

•o that { j /•? >o< 

( de sorte que (3) 

so well that, si bien que (3) 

than, que 

hat, que (4) 
the more so as, d'autant 

plus que 
there is no doubt that, sans 

doute que 
Well and good if,encore si(2) 
when, quand, lorsque 
whenever, toutes lesfois que 
whereas, d'autaut que 
whether, si 
while, pendant que 
whilst, tandis que 

N. B. — Both small and 
great tant grands que petils. 
Good and bad, tant bon que 
mauvais. 



This conjunction must be put with the 
infinitive of the verb, in order to avoid 
the repetition of the same person — I will 
go and see you, after I havp dined firai 
vous voir apres avoir dine (instead affirai 
vous voir apres quefaurai dine) — I have 
caressed him, instead of scolding him : 
Je'/W caresse au lieu de le grnnder (for 
Je Vai caresse, et Je ne Vaipas gronde.) 

(2) 

The French never put the future or 
conditional tense after this conjunction. 
They never say, sifaurai, but si fai — 
nor, si faurais. but sifavais. 

Instead of repeating the conjunctions 
5i, comme si, encore si, they make use of 
the conjunction que, which, in that case, 
governs the subjunctive mood — If I bad 
money, and If I had friends, Sifavais de 
Vargtnt 9 et qve /evsse des amis. 



(3) 
If we don't speak ot past but of eventual 
ictions, this conjunction governs the sub- 
junctive mood. — Do so that he comes, 
Fais en sorte qu'il vienne. 



M 



If we speak of eventual actions, the 
conjunction que governs the subjunctive 
mood. — Permit him to come, Permettez 
quit vienne. (Don't confound the future 
or conditional with eventual actions.) This 
is the fundamental reason why, in the 
French language, there are conjunctions, 
which (like the foregoing) govern the in- 
dicative mood ; and why there are others 
that (like those which will be found after 
the suhjunctive of the two auxiliary verbs 
govern the subjunctive mood. The first 
cannot be put, like the last with eventual 
actions. 



12 



DECLENSIONS. 



§vi. 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS. 



1. 

When we speak of one thing only, the 
word is said to be in the singular— the 
father', the mother, the bird. 

When we speak of several things, the 
word it! s »id to be ia the plural — the/a 
thers, the mothers, the birds. 

Thus there are two Numbers, the Sin 
gular and the Plural. 

In French, a noun can be of the same 
gender us father, or of the same gender a» 
mother There are then, in this Ian 
gunge, two Genders, the Masculine and 
the Feminine. See § XIV. 

2. 

When we speak of a person or thing 
that is doing an action, that person or 
thing is s,\d to be in the Nominative — 
My father calls me ; my mother scolds 
me ; the fire burns the house j virtue 
merits reward. 

3. 

When we speak of a person or thing 
{hat possesses another thing or person, 
the person or thing so possessing is said to 
be in the Genitive — The father's son ; 
the mother's daughter ; John's book ; the 
birds of the cage ; the corn of the field ; 
the flowers of the meadow; the leaves of 
trees. 

4. 

When we speak of the person or thing 
that any thing is intended for, that person 
or thing is said to be in the Dative — My 
father has given some books to my brother; 
I send some strawberries to my sister ; 1 
have given some blows to this horse ; 1 
have told several truths to this liar ; 1 
have fastened this handkerchief to the 
window, to the balcony, to the door. 



When we speak of the person or thing 
acted upon, or taken to do an action, that 
person or thing is said to be in the Accu 
sative, or to be the case governed of the 
verb. — I call my father ; I love my mother; 
the fire burns the house; virtue merits re 
wards. What is taken to call ? father— 
to love? mother — to burn? house — t' 
merit ? reward. These are also in the 
accusative^ 



6. 
When either a person or thing is ad- 
dressed by name, that person or thing is. 
said to be in the Vocative — Father, give 
me ; Mother, love me ; ray father. my 
mother, come to my assistance ; John, call 
your brother ; Mary, come hither. 



7. 



When we speak of the person or thing 
from whom or whence a thing comes, is 
derived, or received, that person or thing 
is said to be in the Ablative — I receive 
money from my father ; the water comes 
from the spring. 



There are then six Cases of words j, 
the Nominative, the Genitive, the Da- 
tive, the Accusative, or case governed, 
the Vocative and Ablative. 

9. 
When an article, a noun, an adjective, 
or a pronoun is put in all its numbers ami 
cases, this is called the deciension of the 
article, noun, adjective or pronoun. 



JV. B It is not, also necessary that & 
word should have inflexions, as in Latin^ 
or German, in order that it may have 
Cases. No Academy, University, Insti- 
tute, or Grammarian, can hinder us from 
considering the words under these points 
of view ; this cannot be contrary to the 
genius of any language- The friend who 
-alls me, and the friend wham I call, are 
not in the same case. If the word cases 
vvere rejected, it would be necessary to 
contrive another instead of it, and this 
new expression would not throw more 
ght upon the matter. 

Teachers, who have experience, know 
that the means of unfolding many difficul- 
ties to their pupils, is to let them decline 
the articles, nouns, and pronouns in all 
their cases And who can deny that the 
words je, me, moi, Ic, du, au, les,des, aw*, 
qui, dont, que, &c have inflexions, and 
consequently cases; as Latin and Ger^ 
man. 



13 



5 VII. 



DECLENSION OF THE ARTICLES. 
I. DEFINITE. 



C Before a masculine noun, with 
I a consonant at the beginn ng. 



i Before a masc. or fern, noun, with 
£ a vowel at the beginning .* 



N. 


T/ie President 


Le President 


N. 




The Union 


L'Union 


G. 


of the president 


du presidenl 


G. 




of the. union 


de /'union 


D. 


to the president 


au presides 


D. 




to the union 


a /'union 


A. 


the president 


le president 


A 




the union 


/'union 


V. 


(o) president 


(6) president 


V. 




(o) union 


(6) union 


A, 


from the president 


du president 


A. 


from the union 


de /'union 




9 $ Before a femii 
\ a consonant at 


line noun, with 




4. 


( Before a masculine or feminine 




the beginning. 




\ noun in the 


plural number. 


N. 


The Liberty 


La Liberte 


rfi 




The States 


Les Etats 


G. 


of the liberty 


de la liberte 


G. 




of the states 


c/cs'etats 


D. 


to the liberty 


a la liberte 


D. 




to the states 


aux etats 


A. 


the liberty 


la liberte 


A. 




the states 


les etats 


V. 


(o) liberty 


(6) liberte 


V. 




(o) states 


(6) etats 


A. 


from the liberty 


de la liberte 


A. 


from the states 


des etats 



II. INDEFINITE— PARTITIVE. 



•I" 



Before a masculine noun, with 
consonant at the beginning. 
N.-Ac. some bread du pain 

G.-Ab. of or from some bread de pain 
D. to some bread a du pain 

Before a feminine noun, with 



-\ B i 



consonant at the beginning 

N.-Ac. some meat rfe/aviande N. 

G.-Ab. of or from some meat de viande G. 
D. to some meat a/aviandeuD 



Before a masc. or feminine noun, 
with a vowel at the beginning.* 
-Ac some water de Z'eau 

•Ab. oforjrom some water c/'eau 
to some water dcfc/'eau 

: ( Before a masc. or feminine noun, 
\ in plural number. 

-Ac. any — any books des iivres 

-Ab. of or from any books de ltvres 

to any — to any books a des Iivres 



N.-Ac. 
G.-A'd. 
D. 
V. 



III. OF THE NAMES. 



I. Before a consonant. \ 

Washington Washington 

of Washington de Washington 

to Washington a Washington 

(o) Washington (6) Washington 



1 1. Before a vowel. 

N.-Ac. Alexandria Alexandrie 

N.-Ab. of Alexandria e/' Ale'xandrie 

D. to Alexandria a Ale'xandrie 

V- (o) Alexandria (6) Alexandrie 



* Or H, not aspirated, see § II. 



The articles in French and English do not always correspond. The difference 
between the two languages will be every where obvious to an attentive scholar, 
not only on this point, but in many others. 
C 



14 



§VIII. 

NUMERAL ARTICLES. 

1 m un,f.une 

2 deux 

3 trois 

4 quatre 

5 cinq 

6 six 

7 sept 

8 huit 

9 w£w/ 

10 DIX 

11 onze 

12 C?OMZ£ 

13 treize 

14 quatorze 

15 quinze 

16 ri0& 

1 7 dw; sfp£ 

18 rfi'a; Ami* 

19 dix neuf 

20 VINGT 

2 1 vingt et un — une 

22 vingt deux 

30 TRENTE 
40 Q.UARANTE 
50 CINOJJANTE 
60 SOIXANTE 

70 SOIXANTE DIX 

71 soixante et onze 

72 soixante douze 

73 soixante-treize 

74 soixante quatorze 

75 soixante quinze 

76 soixante seize 

77 soixante dix-sepi 

78 soixante-dix huit 

79 soixante- dix neuf 

80 QUATRE-VINGTS (1) 

81 quatre -vingt-un — wne 

90 aUATRE-VINGT DIX 

91 quatre-vingt onze 

92 quatre vingt- douze 

100 CENT 

101 C£7l£ WW Wrttf 

200 deux cents ( 1 ) 
1000 mille (2) 
2000 dfwa: mille 
1,900,000 million de 
1 ,000,000,000 milliard de 

(1) Without s, when an- 
other numeral follows. 

(2) In the dates we write 
mil — Van (en) mil huit cent 
trente et un. 

Mille in plural is written 
without s* 



ORDINAL ARTICLES. 

first m. premier, f. premiere 
, ( m. second, f. scconde 
I deuxicme 
third, troisicme 
fourth, quatrierae 
&c, &c &c. &c. 
last, m. dernier, f. dcfniere 

{ m. avant- dernier 
) f. avant-dcrniere 



last but 



half a ' 
=i half 
one half' 
two and < 
a half* 



FRACTIONAL ARTICLES. 

m. un demi- 
f. awe demi- 



m. deux... et demi 
y f. deux... et demie 
one third, tm f^rs 
one fourth, im g-uart 
one fifth, un cinquieme 
one sixth, un sixihne 
&c. &C; &c &c. &c. &c. 

APPROXIMATIVE ARTICLES* 

half a dozen, une demi-douzaine de 
a dozen, «/i€ douzaine de 
a score, wne vmgtaine de 

score and ten, w/ie trentaine de 
two score, txw£ quarantaine de 
two score and ten. tm<? cinquantaine de 
three score, wm£ soixantaine de 
a hundred, wrcf centaine de 



OBSERVATIONS, 

1. Philip the first, Philippe premier ; Lewis the se- 
cond, Louis second; George the third, Georges trois ; 
Henry the fourth, Henri quatre ; &c. 4*c. — except the 
emperor Charles the fifth, and the pope Sextus the 
fifth, Pempereur Charles-quint, le pap e Sixte- quint. 

2. In the quoting a book, a chapter, &c. We may 
say : Book the second, chapter the third, verse the 
fourth, &c livrc deux, chapitre trois, verset quatre, Lc. 

3. In the date of the month, say: le premitr, le 
second ou le deux, le trois, le quatre Mars, or de 
Mars, &c. kc. 

4. If the numeral aricles should be pronouns ; that is 
to say, when they have not their nouns after them, 
the French add always the pronoun en before the verb 

I have six,,/ 'en ai six ; 1 see eight, fen vois huit. 

5. The conjunction than, after a comparative and be- 
fore a numeral article or pronoun, is not que but de — 
I have seen more than three men, j ai vu plus de trois 
homines ; I have seen less than twenty, fen ai vti. 
moins de vingt. 



15 



§X. 



OTHER ARTICLES* 







POSSESSIVE 








my m 


mon, f. ma bef. 


a vow 


. mon 


pi 


. mes 


thy 


ton 


ta 




ton, 




tes 


his } 














her \ 


son 


sa 




son 




ses 


its ) 














our 


noire 


no* re 




nntre 




nous 


your 


voire 


voire 




v-otre 




vous 


their 


leur 


leur 




leur 




leurs 



a (friend) of mine, un de mes amis, &c. 
a (friend) of ours, un de ?ws amis, &c. 



DEMONSTRATIVE, 
f. 



cette 
cette 



this. ..here 



that. . .there 



this / m. ce bei. a vow. cet. 

that $ ce cet 

these, those, ces 

ce (garcon)-a' 
cet (enfant)- ci 
ceiie (femrne) ci 
ce (garcon)-/;2 
cet (enfant)- Id 
cette (femme) la 

these ..here, ces (hommes) ci 

those. ..there, ces (hommes) la 

this other ( m. cet autre 

that other ( f cette autre 

these other, ces autres 

other, d'autre — pi. d'autres 

another, m un autre — f une autre 

the other, m. Vautre — pi. Its autres 
m le merne, pi. les metrics 
f. la rnerne, pi. les metrics 



the same ( 
the very ( 



such a 
(equal) 
such a 
(like) 
such a 



i m. un pareil, pi 
{ f. une pareille. pi 



de parcih 
. de pareille s 

semblabhs 



NEGATIVE, 
ever, never, any. jamais de 
no (not any), m. aucun, f. aucune 
no (whatever), m. nul,Lnulle 
none, m. nul, f. nulle 
not some i pas de 
not any 5 point de 
not one, m. pas un, £ pas une 
not many ) guere de 
not much $ pas beaucoup de 
but little, ne.. que peu de 



<j „ ** 



J i 






■a 



wn scmblable ) , , 
une semblable $ ' 

i m. untel, pi. de £efs 
(with contempt) \ f. ?me fefee, pi. de tcllcsl 



1 

8 

Aa 

© ct> 

to - 

O **«* 
o ^ 



different 



certain 



m. different, pi. differ ents 

f. differente, pi. dfferentcs 

m. certain, pi. certains 

f. cerlaine, pi. certaines 

, . $ m. /e sew/, pi. /es se«/s 

the only ^ f /a sew/ ^ p , /c5 ?e ^ 

the one and the other, m. Vun el Vautre 

both (not together), Vun et Vautre 

both (together), les deux 

every { (one after another) chaque 

(each) I chaque 

every, (without ) pi. m. tons les 

exception) ) pi. f.toutes les 

t l 4 \ S m £ou* 
every (wfcofcrer) j f ^ 

what ( m. quel, pi. qri/e/s 
what a jj f . owe^e, pi. quelles 



INDEFINITE (of Quantity.) 

.1 crowd of, unefoule de 6 

a deal of, bien du, de la, des g 

a great deal, beaucoup de ° 

a kind of, une sorte de, une espece de g 
r> great many, beaucoup de 
a little, a few, un peu de 
;* little more, un peu plus de 
ail, every kind ) tout espece de 
all, every $ tout sorte de 

■ 5 m« tout, pi. tows 
£ f. /owfe, pi. toules 
any> (few) quelque, pi. quelques 
any of that, m. dumeme,f, delameme'Z ^ 
any of these, of those, des mimes 
enough, enow, assez de 
few, pe«, fewer, 77tom5 de 
how many ! how much ! que de I 
how many ? how much ? combien de £ g? 
Romany ) m( au(ant de . 
just so much 5 
many, beaucoup 

many a, m. p/ws d'wn, f. ]»/w$ de une 
more, plus de 

most of, la plupart du, de la, des 
.much, beaucoup 

over many, over much, par trop de 
'several, plusieurs 
some (few), quelque, pi. quelques 
'so many, so much, tant de 
iso many. ..as ) autant de a 

jso much ..as 5 *.>que de q, 

|so much the less, d'aulant moins de J 
!<o much the more, d'autant plus de ** 
the less, moins de 23 

the more, /?/ms de I.. 

too many, too much, trop de C& 

what a deal, a plenty of! que de! &* 



*Or parts of speech supplying the articles a-Bdi 
in many instances preceded or followed by them.. 



§ I 

© 

8- 

JD © 
t-t. 



16 



OBSERVATIONS 



$XII. 



ON THE ARTICLES OF PROPER NAMES. 
1. 

Proper names when preceded by an 
adjective, take the definite article before 
them : LHmmortel Washington — Villus 
tre Lafayette. 

2. 

Names of countries take no article in 
English, but they receive the definite ar- 
ticle in French : La Colombia, le Mari- 
land. 

3. 

If the sentences express the going to a 
couutry, or the coming from it, the article 
is commonly supplied by the prepositions 
en and de. — But, if the country is disco- 
vered since the time of Columbus, the pre- 
ceding rule has generally its full force : 

II va en Italie, il arrive de Sicile. 

II ira anx Bermudes. 

II est alle a la Louisianne, il est revenu. 
de la Floride. 

4. 
Others reject the definite article alto 
gether: such as christian and family 
names, the names of cities, towns, villages, 
names of countries, which are the same 
with those of their capitals — Athenais, Du 
loterff; Rome , Arlington ; Venise, Make 

5. 

Le, la, l\ les, are never used after the 
preposition en : en Paradis, en Firginie; 
and not en le, en la. 

6. 

The article and the prepositions are 
not used in the directions of the letters : 
Monsieur George Washington . . . 
rue ; . fauxbourg a Paris. And r 
dans la rue . . . dans le fauxbourg. 



7. ■ 

When we are speaking of or to a per 
son in a high station, »r to whom we show 
respect, civility requires, in French, that 
we should make use of monsieur, madame 
mademoiselle, before the nouns denoting 
his or her title, office, or profession : 
monsieur le major Cmtis — madame so/i 
fpouse — mademoiselle sajille. 



OF THE FORMATION OF THE 
PLURAL. 

Noun?, and their adjectives, have an s 
idded to them in the plural. The good 
father, le bon pere ; the good fathers, les 
bons peres. 

1. 

Nouns which end in 5, x, z, are the 
same in both numbers : the son, lejils ; 
the sons, les fds ; the voice, la voix ; 
the voices, les voir; the nose, le nez; 
the noses, les nez. 

2. 
Nouns in al change al into aux in the 
pi. : the horse, le cheval ; the horses, les 
chevaux ; the animal, P animal ; the ani- 
mals, les animaux ; except the bals, les 
bals ; the corns, les cals ; the* carnivals, les 
carnavals ; the localities, les locals ; the 
banquets, les regals : and those proper 
names which are used as common nouns, 
as les Juvenals et les Annibals de ce temps 
ci. 

3. 

Nouns ending in au, eu, ou, have x ad- 
ded to them in the plural. The hats, les 
chapeaux ; the hairs, les cheveux. the 
vows, les vazux ; the jewels, les bijoux; 
except the blue eyes, les yeux bleus; the 
nails, les clous ; the necks, les cous ; the 
sharpers, les Jilous ; the iceblemen, les 
homines mous ; the he-cats, les matous ; 
the pence, les sous ; the holes, les trous ; 
the halters, les licous. 

4. 

Nouns, polysyllables, ending in ant, ent, 
at the singular, now drops their t at the 
plural — enfant, child, enfans ; compliment, 
compliment, complimens : monosyllables 
retain it. So with the adjectives. 



The following are irregular in the pi. : 
ail, garlic, aulx ; bail, lease, baux ; betail 
cattle, bestiaux ; orail, coral, coraux ; 
email, enamel, trnauv ; soupirail, air-hole, 
\soupiruux ; travail, labour, travaux ; ma- 
dame, rnesdames ; mademoiselle, mesdemoi- 
sdles ; monsieur, messieurs ; mil, eye, 
yeux; cie/, heaven, cieux : but in paint- 
ing we say, the skies, les dels: we say 
also, the bedtesters, les dels de lit ; and 
in architecture, the ovals, les a:ils de 
bozuf. 



17 



§ XIII. 

OF THE FORMATION OF THE ADJECTIVE. 



1. 

The Adjective is masculine or feminine, 
and of the singular or plural number, ac- 
cording as the noun, of which it denotes 
the quality; ts masculine or feminine, of 
the singular or plural number. 

a good boy tin bon gar con 
good girls de bonnes Jilles 

a 

*. . 

Adjectives ending in an, as, et, ten, on. 
yen, eil, el. repeat their final consonant 
and add the let'.er e in the feminine gender, 

F. 

bonne 
moyenne 
pareille 
eternelle 



paysan 

bar 

net 

ch ret) en 



pai/sanne 
basse 
nette 
chretienne 



bon 
rnoyen 
par eil 
eternel 



All Adjectives, unless they end in 8 or 
haves added to them in the plural. 

7. 
These have no plural in the masculine 

lender. 

final 

frugal 

jovial 

martial 

natal 

naval 



austral 
boreal 
canonical 
al 



con jug 
fatal 
filial 



pascal 
pastoral 
pectoral 
triomphal 
venal 
and some others. 



S. 



Rut the six following, complet. concreu 
discret inqwet. replei, secret, make, in thr 
ioe, complete, concrete, discrete, in 
quicte, replete, secrete. 

3. 
Those in c,/, r, x, are formed in the 
following manner : 



M. 


F 


M. 


F. 


public 


publique 


keureux 


heureuse 


k 


vive 


jaioux 


jalouse 


except 








grec 


grecque 


doux 


douce 


(>l a nc 


blanche 


faux 


fausse 


franc 


franche 


prefix 


prtfixe 


sec 


seche 


roux 


rousse 



noun, it is put in the masculine 

sont beaux. 



Those which, in the masculine, end inj 

mute, are alike in both genders, 

le fir ere aimable la sozur aimable I 



All the rest are made feminine, by 
ing to them the e mute. 



idd- 



F. 

in grate 
bleue 



bleu 

except 
benin 
('pais 
expres 
favori 
frais 
gros 

and 
beau 
fou 
mou 

nouveau nouvelle 
vieux vieille 



gris 
clair 



benigne 


long 


epuisse 


ma I in 


ex pr esse 


mat 


favorite 


profits 


fralche 


ant 


grosse 


tiers 



grise 
clair e 



longue 

malignc 

matte 

professe 

solle 

tierce 



All the othen in al, change al into aux, 
in the masculine of the plural : principal, 
pi. principaux ; liberal, pi. liberavx, &c. 

9. 

In nouns signifying animate thing, if the 
adjective relates to both a masculine and 

feminine 
gender 

Jean et Marie sont grands 

10. 
In nouns signifying inanimate things, the 
•Jjective, if it be not separated by a verb, 
agree? with the latter noun 

Une echarpe et un cordon bleu. 
Des cordons et des echarpes bteues* 

11. 

But if the adjective be separated by a 
erb from *he nouns to which it relates, 
t is put in the masculine gender and plu- 
ral number. 

Vous trouverez que la chambre et le cab- 
net sont biens grands — sont ouverts 

Vous trouterez que le cabinet et la cham- 
bre sont bien petits — sont fiermes. 



DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 



Positive. 
beau 
belle 



Comparative. 

plus beau 
plus belle 



Superlative. 
le plus beau 
la plus belle 



belle 
folle 
mollt 



OF ADVERBS. 

souvent plus souvent le plus souvent 
rarement plus rarement le plus rarement 



1 before a vowel in the meilleur ) better"! do uot admit either the 
singular number and mieux ) | word plus or moint be- 

[•mase'e gender, these; |moindre least \ fore them. They are 
| five make beljol, mol,' Ypire worse I comparatives of them- 

J nouvely vied. \\moins less J selves. 



18 



\ XIV. 

GENDER OF XOUMS. 



I. ARE MASCULINE. 

1. All the nouns of what is manly. 

2. Of trees and shrubs, except aubSpine 
epine* ronce, yeuse 

3. Of months, days — metals and colours 

4. Of verbs and words compound of a verb 

5. Of words ending in ABE. except syllabe. 

6. Of words ending in AIRE, except 
aire dentelaire judiciaire 
cataire glaire paire 
chair e grammairc scrophulaire 
circulaire haire vulneraire 
dentaire 

7. Of words ending in CIDE. 

8. Of words ending in CLE, except 
bcmacle debacle made 
besides cscarboucle manicle 
boucle 

9. Of words ending in GE, except 
allege gouge mallerage raze 
ambages horloge nage sauge 
auge hypallage neige tige 
bauge image page {of a. toge 
cage j&uge book) volage 
enallage loge plage 

10. Of words ending in ICE, except 
avarice justice notice 
cicatrice lice police 
Spices malice prSmicts 
immondices mat rice varices 
injustice milice 

11. Of words ending in ILE or YLE, ex 
cept 

argile jile lie vigile 

bile huile tuile 

12. Of words ending in ME. except 
alarme entame paume 
time Spigramme plume 
amerlume cscrime pomme 
anagrammc eslime prame 
arme ferme prime 
bergame Jlamme quadragSsime 
berme forme quinquagSsim 
Mr erne frime sexagSsune 
brume gamme sepluagSsime 
chiourme larme rame 

cime legitime rSforme 

coutume lime rime 

creme maxime somme (sum) 

dime orifiamme trame 

dragme palmei of vie- trireme 
Scume tory) victime 

enclume pantomime (the action of a 
enigme pantomime.) 



13. Of words ending in METRE. 

14 Of words ending in STE and XTE, 
except 

amSlhiste lisle poste 

baliste peste (post office) 

batiste piste riposte 

caste veste 

15. Of words ending in TERE, except, 
arlerc 

16 Of words ending in TOIRE, except 
decrottoire Scritoire victoire 

echappatoire histoire 

17. Of words ending in TRE, except 
bistre /entire (otter) piastre 
chartre guetre mitre poutre 
dartre huitre montre rencontre 
dextre hltre outre tourtre 
epitre loutre palestre vitre 

18 All the words which do not end in E > 
except 

amitie faux mer poix 

boisson fin merci prison 

chair foi moisson rangon 

chanson fois moitie soif 

chaux foison mort souris 

d e f f or ^ ne f toison 

cloison fourmi noel tour 

cour gamison noix (tower) 

croix gens nuit toux 

cuiller gent paix trahison 

cuisson glu pamoison iribu 

dent guerison parol vertu 

dot inimitie part vis 

eau lecon peau voix 

fagon loi perdriv 

faim main piiie 

II. ARE FEMININE. 
I. All the nouns of what is female. 
2 Of the words ending in AISON. 

3. Of words ending in EUR, except 
bonheur deshonneur malheur 
chozur honneur pleurs 
cceur labeur &c. &c. 

4. Of the words ending in ION, except 
those in DION, PION, RION, and bas- 
tion, billion camion, gabion, gallon, mil- 
lion, scion, talion, trilon. 

5. Of the words ending in TE, except 
aparte, arrets, commits f comtv (but la 
Franche Comte\) cotS, StS, p&tS, prScip- 
itS, traite. 

6 All the words which end in E, except 
those of the following list. 



19 



WORDS IN E WHICH ARE MASCULINE.* 



Acre 

aiglc 

alveole 

ambe 

amble 

ambre 

amianle 

amulette 

angle (and his 

compound) 
animalcule 
antidote 
antimeine 
antipode 
apologue 
arbre 
ar ornate 
aslcrique 
automate 
axe 
Bagne 
basalte 
bejaune 
beurre 
bievre 
biseigle 
branle 
buffle 
Cable 
cadavre 
cadre 
caducee 
calibre 
camec 
camphre 
cancre 
candelabrc 
cantique 
capitole 
capricorne 
carrosse 
casque 
catafalque 
catharre 
caustiquc 
chancre 
change (and bit 

compounds^) 
chanvrc 
chiffrc 
ciboire 
cidre 
cimeterre 
cimetiere 
cinabre 
cirque 

*And others which are not much in use. 



cloaque 


empiric 


jade 


\ogre 


rcverbere 


cloporte 


ensemble 


jaspe 


\ongle 


ridicule 


coche fbark) 


epilogue 


jeune 


opprobre 


risque 


(coacbj 


episode 


Labyrinthe 


opuscule 


role 


code 


equilibre 


laque (varnish 


ordre 


rouble 


codicille 


equinoxe 


of ChinaJ 


organe 


Sable 


coffre 


erysipele 


Uvitique 


orge (perlej 


sabre 


colloque 


espace 


leurre 


orge (monde) 


sacerdoce 


colosse 


evangile 


lexique 


ovale 


sacrc 


comble 


cxemple 


hbelle 


Facte 


scandale 


comestible 


exergue 


lierre 


pampre 


scrupule 


commerce 


exorde 


lievre 


panache 


scigle 


compte 


Faible 


limbe 


panegyrique 


sepulcre 


concilidbule 


fiacre 


linge 


paradoxe 


sexe 


conclave 


filigranc 


livre fbook^) 


paragraphe 


signc 


concombre 


fleuve 


logogryphe 


parallelc 


silence 


cone 


foie 


lucre 


paraphe 


simple 


conge 


foudre (thun 


luxe 


parapluie 


simulacre 


congre 


derbolt^) 


lycee 


parjure 


singe 


conte 


Genie 


Malaise 


parterre 


site 


conlrole 


genievre 


manche f of a 


patrimoine 


songe 


y conventicule 


genre 


tool) 


ptigne 


scuffle 


worpuscule 


gingembre 


manipule 


pendule fpen- 


soufre 


Vothurne 


girofie 


manque 


dulumj 


sourire 


coude 


gile 


marbre 


peuple 


squelette 


couple (man 


givre 


masque 


phare 


subside 


and wife) 


glaive 


massacre 


phinomene 


sucre 


crabe 


globe 


mausoUe 


phosphor e 


symbole 


crane 


globule 


membre 


pique nique 


synode 


crepe 


guide 


memoir e (.bill) 


planisphere 


Telescope 


crepuscule 


Z°!f e 


merile 


poile fstovej 


temple 


crible 


gouffre 


merle 


poivre 


timbre 


cube 


grade 


mesaise 


pule 


tintamarre 


cutte 


grcffe 


meteore 


polype 


tonncre 


cygne 


grimoire 


mcuble 


pore 


Irefle 


cylindre 


grouppe 


microscope 


porche 


thomphe 


Deboirc 


guide 


mode (mood, 


porphire 


hone 


decalogue 


gymnase 


modalitvj 


porlique 


trophee 


dicombres 


gypsc 


modelc 


pouce 


Iropique 


dedale 


HUle 


module 


pour pre (pur 


trouble 


delire 


hdvre 


mole 


plej 


lube 


demerite 


heliotrope 


monde 


preambule 


Lumulle 


desordre 


hemisphere 


monologue 


preccpte 


tuorbe 


dialcctc 


here 


monopolc 


preche 


type 


dialogue 


hieroglyphe 


monticule 


prelude 


Ulcere 


diocese 


hombrc 


mmifle (vase 


prologue 


Vase (vase) 


/Usque 


horoscope 


pulleyj 


prone 


verbe 


distique 


hymenec 


moulc (mould) 


protocole 


vtrre 


dividende 


hypocondrc 


murmur e 


pygmee 


vestibule 


divorce 


Immeubtc 


musec 


Rable 


vide 


dogue 


incendie 


Narcisse 


regne 


vignoblc 


domaine 


insecte 


navirc 


reldche (re- 


vinaigrc 


doute 


inlerligne 


negoce 


leasej 


violoncello 


Ellebore 


mtcrmedc 


nombre 


remide 


viscere 


emetique 


intervalle 


Obelisque 


reprocke 


Zeste 


empire 


Jable 


ceuvrdlegrand) 


rcve 


zodiaque 



20 



§xv. 

MECAMSM OF THE ENGLISH AND FRENCH COMPARED. 

As all modern languages draw in part their origin from the Greek and Latin, 
there is a certain analogy in the termination or many wo.ds, which are derived 
from the same source, and which may facilitate the lexicologic part of an idiom • 
this, which is regarded as a mecanism, has been neglected by most grammarians, 
though they may reduce them to rules which furnish to the scholars the knowledge 
of many thousand words without much contention of mind, and with great assistance 
to memory. 



1. Nouns and adjectives which 
termination. 



could be learned by the means of the French 



English words 
ending in 


make 
in French 




Examples. 


-ary into 


aire . 


. 


sanctuary, 


. sanctuairc 


-ancy 


ance 




constancy, 


Constance 


-dy . 


die. . 


. 


prosody, . 


. prosodie 


-ency 


. ence 




clemency » 


clemence 


-or 


eur . 


• 


error 


. errewr 


-our 


. eur 




humour, 


humewr 


-ous . 


eux . 


. 


glorious, . 


. glorieua; 


-ine 


. in . 




feminine 


femmm 


-ive 


if . 


■ 


persuasive, 


. persuasi/ 


-omy 


. omie 




anatomy, . . 


anatowue 


-ony . 


onie . 


. 


symphony, 


. symphome 


-ory 


. oire 




glory 


gloire 


-ty . 


te 


. 


charity, . 


. charge 


-ular 


. ulier 




regular, 


regulier 


2. Nouns and adjectives which are written the same in 


30th languages. 


-able as 


variable 


-ble . 


variable 


-ible . . visible 


-ace . . 


place 


-ence 


. silence 


-ice . . justice 


-acle . . 


miracle 


-ege 


college 


-ile . . fragile 


-ade . . 


serenade 


-ence 


. diligence 


-ine . . doctrine 


-age . . 


image 


-ent 


moment 


-ion . • passion 


-al . . 


ardinal 


-ent 


. evident 


-ion . . nation 


-al . . . 


natal 


-ge . 


charge 


-ule . . formule 


-ance 


complainance 


-gue 


. dialogue 


kc. kc. 


-ant . . 


constant 









3. Some of the English adjectives may become adverbs by the addition of ly, 
and most of them in French by the addition of ment or ement. 



Exami 



Agreeable, 
Ingenue , 



agreablewenf. 
iosenuemenf. 



Poli, . . polimenf, 

Pur, . . . puremen^, &c. &c- 



4. There are many English verbs ending in ify, which makes ijier in French. 

Example. 
Puri/y, • . purser. Sancti/i/, • • • sancti/ier. 

Ralfy, . • • ral/ier. ver |/i/> . • verier, &c. &c. 

.Use ofjthe dictionary and practice in reading will give constant opportunities of 
comparing the two idioms. 

After the vocal use of the syllabic dictionary, and of § I, and the attentive perusal 
of this page, a pupil will not feel much embarrassed in attempting to put down, in 
writing, the correct sounds and the approximative spelling ot the words heard from 
the dictation of his instructor. 



» 



iKSSfiyas ©Mini, 



SECOND PART. 



\ XIV. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 
THE INFINITIVE. 



Present (to' 

Participle Present 
Participle Past 



HAVE, avoir 
having, ayant 
had, ew, f eue 



Present, 

Participle Present 
Participle Past 



(to) BE, tire 



being, etanJ 
been etc 



THE INDICATIVE. 



Present. 



[ have 

thou bast 

he (she, man) has 

we have 

yon (ye) have 

they have 

Imperfect. 

I had favais 

thou hadst tu avais 

he had il avait 

we had nous avions 

you had vous aviez 

they had Us avaient 

Future. 

I shall or will have 
thou shalt — wilt have 
he shall — will have 
we shall — will have 
you shall — will have 
they shall — will have 

Conditional. 



fax 

tu as 

il, (elle, on) a 

nous avons 

vous avez 

Us (dies') out 

Perfect, 
feus 
tu eus 
U eut 

nous eumes 
vous eutes 
Us cur cut 



j aurai 
tu auras 
U aura 
nous aurons 
vous aurez 
Us auront 



I should, could, 
or would 

thou should-it — 
couldst — wouldst 

he should — 
could — would 

we ghould — 
could — would 

you should — 
could — would 

they should — 
could— would 



have 



j aurais 



have tu aurais 



> have 

> have 



have 



have 



u aurait 

nous aurions 

vous auriez 

Us auraicnt 
D 



Present. 



I am 

thou art 

he (she, man) is 
••'e are 
on (ye) are 
they are 

Imperfect. 

fetais 



was 
thou wast 

e was 
we were 
you were 
they were 



tu etais 
il etait 
nous ctions 
vous etiez 
Us etaient 

Future. 



jt suis 

tu cs 

il [elle, on) est 

nous sommes 

vous etc* 

Us (elles) sunt 

Perfect, 
je fus 
lujus 

il tut 



I shall or will be 
tbou shalt — wilt be 

e shall — will be 
we shall — will be 
y-)u shall — will be 
they shall — will be 

Conditional. 



nov -urnes 
vous jutes 
ilsfurent 



je serai 
tu seras 
il sera 
nous serons 
vous serez 
Us. seront 



I should, could, 
or would 

thou shouldst — 
couldst — wouldst 

he should — 
•ould — would 

we should — 
could — would — 

you should — 
could — would 

they should — 
could — would 



be 



be 



be 



be 



I be 



je serais 



tu serais 



il serait 



nous serious 



vous serikz 



be Us seraicnt 



22 



IMPERATIVE. 



N» first person. 

have (thou) 

let him (her) have 

let us have 

have (ye) 

let them have 



aie 

qu y il ( qu" elle ) ait 

ayons 

ayez 

quails (qu'eUes aient 



jJVo first person. 

|be (thou) 

let him £her) be 

let us be 

be (ye) 

jlet them be 



sots 

quil(quclle) soil 

soyons 

soyez 

quails (quelles) soient 



SUBJUNCTIVE.* 



U ait 

nous ayons 
vous ayez 
Us aient 



il exit 

nous eussions 
vous eussiez 
Us evssent 



Present, 

That I may have que f aie 

thou mayest have tu aies 
he may have 
we may have 
you may have 
they may have 

Imperfect. 
That I might have quefeussc 

thou mightest have tu eusses 
he mi^ht have 
we might have 
you might have 
they might have 

*The following Conjunctions 
Although, quoique 
before (that.) avant que 
but that, 51 ce n'est que 
either ..or, soit que...ou que 
ere, avant que 
except (that), sinon que 
excepting (that), excepte que 
for all (that), malgre que 
for fear (that) de crainte que 
God forbid, a Dieu ne ploise que 
God grant Dieu veuille que 
heaven grant, fas le p\$ que 
however (great), quelque •''grand) que 
however little, quelque peu que 
how... soever, quelque. ..que 
if.. .but, pour peu que 
if .in the least, pour peu que 
in case (that), au cas que % en cas que 
In order that, pour que 
lest, depeur que 



Present. 
That I may be que je sois 

thou mayest be tu sois 

he may be 
we may be 
you may be 
they may be 

Imperfect. 
That I might be quejefusse 

thou mightest be tu fusses 
he might be 
we might be 
you might be 
they might be 



il soit 

nous soyons 
vous soyez 
Us soient 



iljiit 

nous fissions 

vousfussiez 

ilsfussent 



rep/ire the Subjunctive after them. 
not. ..but, non pas que 
not that, ce n*est pas que 
aotv ithstanding. nonobstant que 
on condition that, a condition que 
provided (that), pourvu que 
save — saving — (that), hormis que 

;> far from that } 

o far ...... that > taut s'enfaut que 

o little... that ) 

uppose (that), suppose que 
though, bien que 

till — untill— (that), jusqu'd ce que 
nil such time as, en attendant que 
to the end that, afin que 
unless, a moins que 
upon that condition, bien entendu que 
with all, malgre que 
would to God, plut a Dieu que 
without (that), saiis que 
whether... or, soit que. ..ou que 



OBSERVATIONS. 

1 The compound tenses of these verbs are conjugated alike in the two languages, 
i. e. by the union of the participle past to the different tenses of the verb to Have — 
I have had, faieu— I have been, fai etc 

2 The negative form is given by placing ne before the verb and pas after — I have 
not, je ifai pas — J am not.Je ne .suis pas. 

3. The interrogative form is given by placing the pronoun after the verb — 
have I ? ai*je? — am I ? suisje? 

Departing from the classical habit requiring that one part of speech must be ac- 
quired.previous to another, these two auxiliaries may be committed to the memory, 
even mim the very beginning of learning French, and advantageously conjugated 
through their various tenses, in all their ucception'j. 



23 



N. 



iC. 



D. 



G. 



Ab. 



(!) 





q XVIL 




PROjVOUNS. 




1. EXPLICATIVE. 


who 


{?-»•(') 


which 


cm. quel, pi. quels / ,^\ 
( f quelle, pi. qvelles $ 


that 


whom 
which 


)que{\) 


that 


J 9 M? ( 3 > 4 ) 


to whom 


4 a qui (4) 


to which 


\ ? we (») 




( ou (6) 


of whom 


f 


whose 


j r/e ^w?" (4) 


of vvhich 


<j dont (}, 7) 


from whom 


| 9«e (5) 


from which 


I ^ 


from whence 


d'oii (6) 



in. s. lequel 
m. p. lesquels 
f. s laquelle 
f. p. leaquelles 

m . s. auqvel 
m. p aux quels 
f. s. a laquelle 



(8,9) 



K 8 ) 



p. auxquelles J 
1 



m, s. duquel 
m p desquels 
f. s fife laquelle 
f. p. desquelles 



[(«) 



It relates to persons and things 
and is used when no ambiguity is to he fear 
ed. 

(2) Before the verb e/re when it re 
lates to a following. noun : je sous G-Me/Ze 
esf sa maison. 

(3) Only after a preposition : sans qui. 
pour qui. 

(4) It cannot relate to things. 

(5) It is used when the noun to which 
it relates is already in the dative, genitive, 
or ablative, and preceded by c'est, c'etait, 
cefut, &c. Cest a Emile que je parle ; 
c'est d'Emileque je parle. 



OBSERVATIONS. 

(6) When it expresses a place or situa- 
tion. • 

(7) Can be used neither before nor 
after a preposition. 

(8) It relates to persons and things, 
but is only used when some ambiguity is to 
be feared ; and in this case the noun can be 
repeated with it : il porta dans ma cham- 
bre'un livre ; laquelle (or laquelle chambre) 
it trouva ouverte. 

(9) Is u*ed when it relates to animals 
orlhings, alter a preposition: voila Coiseau 
aprh lequel fa-i couru ; voila U canif 
avec lequel il s'est coupe. 



] 
this 
(one) 

these 

that 
(one) 

those 



II DEMON 
Which relates to a noun ( 1 ) 



m. celui- ci 
f. celle ci 
ceux-ci 
celles ci 
m. celui la 
f. cellejd 
m ceux -Id { 
f. cel(es-ld J 



f? 



H2) 



celui 
celle 
ceux 

celles 
celui 
celle 
ceux 

celles 



(3) 



OBSERV 

(1) With de in the genitive and abla- 
tive, and with a in the dative. 

(2) Is used when neither de or d, nor 
an explicative pronoun nor a preposition 
follows it. 

(3) Is used before a or de, before an 
explicative pronoun ; before a preposition. 

(4) Is used with all verbs, and is even 
better than ce with etre. 



STRAT1VE. 

2 Which docs not relate ioanoun. 

N this, ceci (4) ce (only with etre) 

Ac this, ceci (S) ceci (5) le (6 

G. Ab. of, from this, de ceci (5) en (6^ 

D. to this, a ceci (5) y (7) (6j 

N. that, ce/a (4) ce (only with etre) 

Ac. that, cela (5) le (6) 

G. Ab. of, from that, decela (b) en (G) 

D to that, H cela (5) y (7) (6) 

ATIONS. 

(5) It must be put after the verb. 

(6) It is to be preferred to the other, 
and put before the verb, except in the se- 
cond person singular, and t-lie first and 
second person plural of the imperative. 

(7) When it expresses place or 
situation. 



24 



III. DEMONST. AND EXPLICATIVE 
He, h»m, she, her, them, these, those. 



Who, whom to whom, whose which, tha: 

qui (1, 2. 13,) qui de (1, 3.) 
it qui de (1. 3, 4,) a qui (1 , 4,5,) 
de qui ( 1 , 6) 

</?"<' (7. 8. 9) est celui (TO)" 
quel (7, 8, 9) esJ celui (>0) 
</«.. (It) 
ccW(9. 10, 12. 13) 
ce/w/tf (9 10. 12, 14) 

'que! (7 8,9) est celui (!U) 

9wcZ (7.8,9) estcetni (TO) 
de. (U) 

celm{®, 10. 12, 13) 

qm de (\ , 3) lequel. (9. 16 

lequel^, 15, 16.) cte (3) 



qui 
que 
dont 
a qui 
■de qui 
d ou 
nuque 
duquc 
&c &c 
16) 



X 17 ) 



}(15) 



who ? 
whom ? 



IV. INTERROGATIVE. 

C (without stress) qui ? 

) with stress) quiest-ce qui ? 

qui? CIS) 

^wi est-ce qui 1 (19) 



to whom 



who«e 



( a ym' ? ' 1 8) 

^ dg-iu est-ce que ? (H 



from whom? 
whose ? 



\de 



qui? (18) 

gt/» es£-ce ^we? (19) 



with e^rc, signifying to be- 
long to : a qui 

fquel(l,^estcelui?ilo)\^^^^ 
auef(7, 9,Wce^?(iO)J 9 / /e ' 7%(>' 

?(n)i <lB '" e i->iS 



fttt de ? ( 1 , 3) 
| /egue/? (9, 15) 

lequelle ? (9, 15) c?e... 



V. DEMONST. AND EXPLICATIVE. 

Which do not relate to a noun. • 
V. what ! quoi ! quoi de (20) 

fee gw<> (22) gwe (23) 
, , . I ouo» (2 >) ce a owoi (25) 

* I ce que c' est que (27) 

Lee ^we c'esZ que de (28) 
( a quoi (25) a ce ^m? (21) 
a ce que (22) ace a quoi (25) 
a ce dont (26) 
de 9«o?. (29) de ce qw (21) 
r^ ce qve^22)de ce a quoi(25) 
decc doni (26) 



D to what 

G. of what 
Ab. f. what 



VII. EXPLICATIVE PRONOUNS. 

With some prepositions. 

whereabout, oil f34) — whereat sur quoi 

whereby,, par quoi — wherefore, pour quoi 

wberefroiri, de quoi, d v p$, "] 

wherein, en quoi. ou j 

whereinto, en quoi, oil j> (34) 

whereof, de quoi. d'ou 

WhereoD, sur guot, ou j 

\v hereunto, a quoi 

whereupon sur quoi, ou (34) 

v herewith, avec quoi 

wherewith to, wherewithal!, de quoi 



[_auquel (15) 



( 3 ) 



VII. INTERROGATIVE. 

Which do not relate to a noun. 



N. what ? 



quoi? (30) 

(without stress) qui ? (31) 
(with stressful est-ce qui{3\) 
qu'est ce que ? (32) 
Cque? (IS) 2Wo>7 (24) 
Ac. what? 1 qu'est ce que ? (19) 

( qu 1 est-ce que e'est que ? (33) 
£ a yuui ? ( 1 8) 
D. to what ? < « quoi est ce que ? (19) 

( u quoiest-ce que e'est que(33) 

^- °! W ^\l I d^ quoi estce que ?{\9) 
Ab.f.what?^,/ u?(34) 



VIII. DEMONST. PRONOUNS. 

With some prepositions. 

Hereabove, hereon, hereupon. 

Id dessus, y f34, 35) 

hereabout, ld-aiilour, en (3G) 

hereafter, aprcs cela 

hereat, a cela, y (34, 35) en (36) 

here below, la-dcssous, ci dessous 

hereby, par 4d, hereof, en. (36) 

herein, hercinto, Id-dedans, y, (34,35) 

hereto, a cela, y (34, 35) 

herewith, avec cela, &c< <$-c, 



25 



(1) 



OBSERVATIONS 

I 



It relates only to persons. 

( 2 ) 
It can be put between two verbs wbich 

do not govern the genitive, ablative, or 

dative : je sais qui viemlra ;je sais qui vous 

cherchez. 

(3) 
It is put with the noun or pronoun 
which it relate? to : je sais qui dc ces en- 
fant 5 Id vous aimes le mieux ;f ignore le- 
quel de vous y a Ue. 

(") 

After or before a verb which governs 
the dative : je sais a qui vous le donnerez ; 
je pense a qui vous pensez. 

(?) 

To signify emulation, after c" est, detail 
cefut, &c. Cest d qui (it is who shall, 
should) rira davantage. 
(6) 

After or before a verb which governs 
the infinitive or ablative zj'ignwe de qm 
vous parlez ; je ne sais de qui it tient cettt 
nouvelle ;je me moque de qui vous savez. 

C) 

It follows the gender and number of the 
explicative pronoun quel. 

(«) 
It can be put only in the accusative : 

j 'ignore quel est celui des troisqui estvenu. 

(9) 

It relates to persons and things. 

(10) 

It follows the gender and number of the 

demonstrative pronoun celui. 

CO 

It is put with the noun or pronoun 
which it relates to : je sais quel est celui 
de Pierre ou dc Jean qt£il cherche. 
(12) 
It follows the same rules as the demon- 
strative, celui. 

(13) 
To leave the first member of the sen- 
tence in the first place : qui (celui qui) 
sert bien sapalrie, mirile des honncurs 
(14) 
To put the second member of the sen- 
tence in the first place : celui Id mirile des 
honncurs, qui sert bien sapatrie. 

(15) 
It follows the same rules as the expli- 
cative pronoun It quel. 
(10) 
It can be put in all cases except the 
nominative. 



(17) 

It follows the same rules as the expli- 
cative pronoun qui, que, dont, &c. 
(18) 
To put the nominative alter the verb : 
qui cherchez-vous 1 que cherchez vous ? 
(19) 
To put the nominative before the 
verb : qui est ce que vous cherchez? 
(20) 
Betore an adjective : quoi de plus beau ! 

(21) 
In the nominative of the following 
verb :je sais ce qui arrivera. 
(22) 
In the accusative ot the following verb : 
je sais ce qucje vcuxfaire. 
(23) 
In the accusative, before an infinitive : 
je ne sais que faire. 

(24) 
After a preposition : sur quoi, apres 
quoi. And after a verb, which is not fol- 
lowed by another verb : il irfa ditje ne 
sais quoi. 

(25) 
In the dative of a following verb : il 
cherche ce a quoi vous ne ptnscz pas. 
(26) 
In the genitive or ablative of the follow- 
ing verb : il sait cc dont vous vous occupez. 

,( 27 ) 

Before an infinitive : il ne sait ce que 
e'est que mcnlir (que le mensonge.) 

Before an infinitive with de ..il ne sait 
ce que e'est que (les effets) de mentir. 
(29) 
When the foregoing verb governs the 
iccusative: il sait de quoi vous parlez. 
(30) 
Without a verb. 

. ( 31 ) 

In the nominative of a following verb. 

(32) 
Before a noun or an infinitive : yi/Vst- 
ce que Dicu ? quesl-cc que mentir ? 

(38) 
With anger or contempt : qu est-Ct que 
dest que vous dites ? 

(34) 
When we speak of a place or situation. 

(35) 
Before the verb. 

(3G) 
Before a verb which governs the geni- 
tive. 



26 



IX. PERSONAL AND IMPERSONAL. 



1. 


In the Nominative, 




2. In the Nominative, 




(before 


the verb.) 




(after an interrogative verb) 


I 




J e 


1 ? 


je- 


thou 




tu 


»hou ? 


■tu 


he 




il(\) ce (2) 


he? 


-il (') -ce(?) -til *) 


she 




elle (1; ce (2) 


she? 


-elle (1) -ce (i) t elle ' 


it 




il (3) (4) 


it? 


•U('i) -ce(J) til 
nan) ? -on -on -t-on j 


one (man) 




on 


>>ne ( 


we 




nous 


*ve ? 


■nous 


you (ye) 




vous 


you ? 


-vous 


they, m. 




ils (1). ce (2) 


they ' 


' m. -ils (1) .ce > , Q . 
f. -dies () ce $ ^ 


they,f. 




elles (1) ce (2) 


they, 


3 


. In the Nominative, 




4. Ira ^e Nominative, 




(to ask.) 




(to answer.) 


is it I 




estce moi? 


it is I 


c'estf moi 


is it thou 




est ce toi? 




c'estf foi 


is it he 




est-ce lui? 




c'est lui 


is it she 




est-ce elle ? 




c'est elle 


is it (for th 


ngs) 


Vest ce? 




ce Vest 


is it 




est-ce que ? 






is it (just) 




est il (juste) ? 




c'est (juste) ? 


is it we 




estce nous 




c'est nous 


is it you 




est-ce vous? 




c'est vous 


is it they, m 


. 


est ce evx ? 




c^est eux ) , >. 
c'est elles $ ^ 


is it they, f. 




est ce elles ? 




is it they, ( 


for thin 


gs) les sont-ce 




c'e /e$ son* 



>(«) 



5. /w ?/ie Nominative, 
(when there are more than one ) 



thou and I are speaking 
he and I are speaking 
he and she are speaking 
thou and she are speaking 
you and he are speaking 
they and we are speaking 



toi et moi, nous (virions) 
lui et moi, nous (parlon-) 
lui el die, ils (parlei-;) 
toi et elle, vous (parlez) 
v ovs el lui, vous (parlez) 
eux et nous, nous (parlous) 





6. In the Nominative, 


Reflected 


Pronouns, 


(without 


a verb, or with a verb in tht 


(with de in 


the genitive and abl;> 




Infinitive.) 


with 


a in the dative.) 






Examples. 


myself 


me ' 


moi meme 


I 


77101 


I, go there ! 


iyself 


te 


loi meme 


thou 


toi 


moi ! y aller 


i.;mself 


se 


lui- inane 


he 


tui 


he, tell a lie ! 


Herself 


se 


elle meme 


she 


elle 


lui! mentir 


iwelf 


se 


,^.v sui meme 
"^ ' sot meme 


we 


nous 


they being gone 


<»e's self 


se 


you 


vous 


eux etant partis 


ourselves 


nous 


nous-memes 


they, m. 


eux 


he being dead 


* ourselves 


vous 


vous memes 


they, f. 


elles 


lui etant mort 


■hemselves, m 


. se 


eux-memes 








themselves, f. 


se 


elles-memes^ 



(») 



(6) The Academy prefers c' est eux to ce sont eux, but the latter is commonly used 
where qui follows : ce so?it eucc qui me Vont dit. 

(7) Before verbs, and with all reflected verbs which express an action which it 
is natural that we should do ourselves. 

(8) After the verb, and with all reflected verbs which express an action which it 
is not natural that we should do ourselves. 



27 



0) 



OBSERVATIONS. 



Is used with alfitie verbs, except lh< 
v erb etre ; and even with the verb .tire. 
when thi-< pronoun relates to a foregom- 
noun described in the following sen 
tence by an adjective : 

I had a pupil a; Kaiorama ; she was ve 
ry amiable. J'nvais une eleve au Kalcra 
ma ; elle ttail tres aimable. 



(2) 



Is used only with the verb ctre, wbe; 
this pronoun relates to a foregoing n0 ur,. 
which is described in the following sen- 
tence by another noun, with an article 
prefixed : 

1 had a pupil at Knloriimn ; she was a 
very amiable lady J'avais une eleve au 
Kalorama ; c'etait une dame tres aimable. 

Is used 1°. with all impersonal verbs, 
or personal verbs which become imper- 
sonal ; and when this pronoun relates to 
a following noun, to which is added tin 
pronoun, qui, que, a'ont. a qui. &.C. 

It rains, it snows, II pleut, il n'eige, 
it is cold, it is hot. il fait froid, il fail 
chaud. 

There came two Ilvint'dcnxfemmes, 
women, who ashed qui demandcrent a 
to speak with me. me parler. 

There came in two // cntra deux 
men, whom I did not uou.mcs, que je nt 
know connaissais pas. 

A". B. We use the impersonal pronoun 
i7 in this sense, in order that the nomin i- 
tive of the verb may be put after it. and 
may not be separated from the following 
pronoun, qui, que, dont. a qui. &c. 

. The impersonal pronoun il is used 
with the verb t-ire, when it relates only 
to a following adjective, or to a following 
verb, before* which a conjunction is oi 
can be put (except the conjunctions ot 
time, lorsque. quand, &> ) — or, lin;ll\ 
when it relates to a noun which neithei 
is or can be followed by the pronouns. 
qui. que, dont, a qui, on. d'oii. fee, 

It is certain that 11 est siir qu'il 
he will come. viendra. 

It is not certain II n" 1 est pas sur qu'il 
that he is coming. vienne 

It is right to love // est juste rV aimer 
(that one should (qu'on aime) ses pa- 
love )one's relations, rents. 



(4) 



The impersoual pronoun ce is only 
• sed with etre (and in this expression, ce 
mt scmble.) when it relates to a verb be- 
fore which a conjunction of time is or can 
e put : or when it relates to a noun, af- 
er which the pronouns qui, que, dont, a 
qui ou, dr^m, ccc are or can be put. 

It is only when I Cestlorsque je la 
-ball see her again reverrai, quej'aurai 
that I shall have bien du plaisir. 
ireat pleasure. 

It was after he came Cest apres qitil 
that we retired. Jut venu que nous 

nous retirdmes. 
It is when -one sees ■ Cesi quand on 
so many acts ot'in-voU tant d' injustices, 
justice that one is qu'on se sent revoke. 
shocked. 

It is a crime (when Cest un crime (lors- 
one allows one's qu'on se permet) de 
sc If) to tell a lie. de mentir. 

It is an offence Cest ojfenser Dieu, 
igainst God to lie que de mentir (lojs- 
(when one lies.) qu'on ment ) 

It is a great honour Cest un grand hon- 
lorhim (an honour nenr .pour Ivi (un 
which he receives ) honneurqu'il reooit) 
It is upon our du- Cest de notre de- 
ty that (whereon) voir que (dont) -ttous 
we depend. dtpendons. 

It is from my fath- Cest de mon pirc, 
er that ( rom whom) que (dont) je iiens 
I have this news. cette nouvelle. 

It is to my friend Cest a mon ami, 
that (to whom.) I que (a qui) je park. 
Speak 

Itis into this house Cest dans cette 
that (into which) 1 maison que (ou) jr. 
am going. It is from vais. Cest d< 
that room that (from chombre que (d'ou) 
whence) I come out. je sors. 



(S) 

Is used when the foregoing verb end.' 

with a vowel Aime t-il? — Vicndra-telle.' 
In the interrogative sentence which 
begins with a noun, we add the person- 
>1 pronouns after the verb. Voi freres 
aiment ih? — Vos sazurs aiment-cllcs? 

When the speech has already begun, 
we transfer these pronouns after the verb. 
Comment? dit-il — PourqtwiP dimes n»us. 

They can be put after the verb, when 
the sentence begins with the following 
adverbs, au moins, du mains, a peine, en 
vain, peut-ctre, tout au plus (and sorr.'-. 
others.) 



28 



8. In the Accusative 


(before 


the verb 


me 


me 


thee 


te 


him 


se 


her 


la 


it 


le 


one's self 


se 


us 


nous 


you 


vous 


them 


les 


9. In the Accusative, 


(before the verb ) 


me 


-moi 


thee 


-toi . 


him 


-le 


her 


-la 


it 


cela 


one's self 


.... 


us 


-nous 


you 


-vous 


them 


•les 



10. In the Accusative, 
(without a verb) 

me ! moi ! 

thee 1 toi! 

him ? lui ! (2) 

her I elk ! (2) 

it ! cela ! 



us ! 
you ! 
them ! 



nous I 

vous ! 

m. eux 



.J (2) 

them ! f. elks;! (2) 

1 1 . After a Preposition 

me moi 

thee toi 

him lui (2) 

her elle (i) 

it cela 

one's self soi 

us nous 

you vmts 

them, ra. eux (2) 

them, f. elks (2) 



12. In the Dative , 
(before a verb). 

me, to me me 

thee, to thee te 

him, to him lui (2) 

her, to her lui (2) 

at it, to it y 

one's self ...... se 

us, to us nous 

you, to you vous 

them, to them leur (2) 

13. In the Dative. 
(after the verb.) (1) 

me, to me -moi 

thee,, to thee -toi 

him, to him -lui 

her, to her -lui 

at it, to it -y 

one's self 

us, to us -nous 

you, to you -vous 

them, to them -leur 

In the Dative, 
(without a verb ) (3) 
me, to me a moi 

thee, to thee a toi 

him, to him 
her, to her 
as il, to it 

one's self a soi 

us, to us a nous 

you, to you a vous 

them, to them, m. a eux (2) 
them, to them, f. a eiles (2) 

15. In the Genitive and Ablative. 
of, from me de moi 

of, from thee de toi 
of, from him de lui (2) en (4^ 

of, from her d'elle (2) en (4) 

of. from it de cela en (4) 

of, from one's selfc/e soi 
of, from us de nous 

of, from you de vous 

of, from them, m. d'eux (2) en (4) 
of, from them, f. d'elles (2) en (4) 



a i oi 
u lui } 
a e//e \ 



(8) 



OBSERVATIONS. 

(1) 

We use the pronoun o^ 
the dative and accusative 
after the verb, when the 
verb is in the imperative 
mood ; but only in the 
second person singular, 
and in the first and se- 
ond person plural-a?me- 
moi, punissez-les, donnez- 
nous, envoyez-lui,corrigez 
vous, 4<*c. 

When the pronoun en 
follows moi and toi in the 
imperative, they make 
m\ V — sers-t'en, donne. 
irien. 



Cannot relate to an in- 
animate thing; and in this 
Crise it is better to repeat 
the nouns, unless the 
nouns, are personified. 

C3) 

They are used, 1°» 
when me. te, se, nous, vous, 
of the accusative, are used 
[before the verb Le chien 
s'est donne a moi;je me 
livre a lui. 

2°, When we are ohli - 
^ed to use more than one 
p'onoun in the dative. 
Cest une nouvelle quHl 
nous a dite, a vous, a moi, 
a lui, a elle 

3°, With the verbs 
accourir. alter boire. cou- 
rir, tire a, passer, penser, 
rever, songer, viser, mar- 
cher prendre garde, /aire 
attention, revenir, voter 
(fly,) venir ; and perhaps 
isome others. 



Is used before the verb, except in the second person singular, and in the first and 
second person plural of the imperative. In the impersonal sense, it is preferred 
te de cela.-~Je m i m informerai. 



29 







X POSSESSIVE* 








( They take 


the definite article in all th 


i\r cases. ) 








masc. 


plur. m. 


fem. 


plur. f. 


mine 


my own 


le mien 


les miens 


la mienne. 


les miennes 


thine 


thy own 


le tien 


Us tiens 


la lienne 


les tiennes 


his 


his own 


i 








hers 


her own 


) le sien 


les siens 


la sienne 


les siennes 


its 


its own 


) 








ours 


ourown 


le noire 


les notres 


la noire 


les notres 


yours 


your own 


le voire 


les votres 


la voire 


les votres 


theirs 


their own 


le leur 


les leurs 


la leur 


les leurs 



XI. OTHER PRONOUNS.** 



all 



All (the whole, every thing), tout 
m. tout, pi tons 
t. toute. pi. toulcs 
{ m quelqu'un, pi. quelquesuns 
any one ^ ^ quelquune. pi ejuelque^unes 
be thou who thou mayest, qui quetu sois 
be you who you may, qui que vous soyez 
be he who he may, qui qiCilsoit 
be she who she may. quiqu'elle soit 
be they who they may, qui qiVils soient 
be he who he will, quel quHl soit 
be she who she will, quelle quelle soil 
be they who they will, quclles qu'ellcs 
soient 

les deux, m. tous deux 

f. toutes deux 
m. tous les deux 
f. toutes les deux 
m fun et I autre 
pi. les unset les autrcs 
f. Vune et V autre 
pi. les unes et les autres 
(in all the cases, with the definite 
article. 
each (everyone), m. chacun, f. chacune 

C m. Vun Vaulrc 
each other 1 pi. les uns les autres 
one another \ f. rune I autre 

(pi. les unes les autres 
m. Vun ou V autre 
pi. les uns ou les autres 
f. Vune ou Vaulrc 
pi. les unes ou les autres 
every body, tout le monde 
every one, m. chacun, f. chacune 
let him be who he will, qui qu'ilsoil 
Jet her be who she will, qui qiVelle soit 



both < 



either 



neither 



let them be who they will, qui qiCelles 
soient 

m. hi Vun ni V autre 

pi ni les uns ni les autres 

f ni Vune ni V autre 

pi. ni les unes ni les autres 

\o man } 

^bo&y\V ersonne ~' ne 

>one, m aucun, f aucune 

lolhing, rien ne 

nothing at all, ne ... .rien du tout 

not much, ne..... pas grand" 1 chose 

not much of it, rCen. .. guere 



ome one 



{ m. quelquhm, pi quelques-uns 
) f. quelqu'une, pi quelques lines 

{ m les uns etles autres 

( f les unes et les autres 



some. ...and 
others 

otnehow 

omething ^ quelque chose 
-omewbat 
whatever, 



hatever 



whatever 
whatsoever 



quelque que 

quel que puisse etre 
quel que soit 



quoi que ce soit 

v hatever it may be, quoi qu'il en soit 

, , ( m. lequel des deux 

I f. laquelle des deux 

vhichsoever of, quelque soit celui de.. 

whoever, quiconque 

whomever, quiconque 

•vho'oever > . .. 

, > qui que ce soit 

whomsoever ^ * ■ 

1 hososoever, de qui que ce soit 

to whomsoever, a qui que ce soil. 

(And a few others.) 



*To express, it is mine, it is thine, kc. they arc ours, they arc yours, kc. 
we say : il est a moi, elle est a toi, kc. Us sont a nous, cllcs sunt a vous, kc. 

**VVe have already observed, that the numeral and ordinal article!-, the articles of 
quantity, kc. may become pronouns. It is useless to insert them here a second time. 



30 
q XVIII 



THE KINDS OF VERBS, 



Grammarians., in general, distinguish 
verbs into five kinds : the active, the pas 
sive, the reflected, the reciprocal, and the 
neuter. 

The active verb expresses an action of 
the nominative upon something not itself— 
John strikes Peter ; the sun illumines the 
world. John, the sun, do certain actions, 
and are therefore the nominative cases . 
Peter, the world, are taken to do these 
actions, and are different from the nomina 
tive ; therefore these actions, to strike, 
to illumine, are active verbs. 

The passive verb expresses the state 
wherein the nominative is placed by some 
thing different from itself. — John is struck 
by Peter; the sum's hidden by the clouds. 
John and the sun, are the nominative of 
the verb is : they are placed in the state 
of being struck, and hidden by something 
different from themselves ; these words 
then, is struck, is hidden, are passive verbs. 
The reflective verb expresses either the 
action of the nominative on itself, or the 
state wherein it has placed itself — John 
strikes himself; the sun hides itself. These 
are the actions of John and the sun 
upon themselves : these words, therefore, 
strikes, hides, are in this case reflected 
verbs. — John has struck himself; the sun 
has hidden itself This expresses the state 
wherein John -and the sun have placed 
themselves : therefore, in this case, these 
words, has struck himself &c. are also 
reflected verbs. 

The reciprocal verb expresses the 
action which several nominatives do to 
each other, or the state wherein they 
place each other. — John and Peter strike 
each other, kc. ; John and Peter have 
struck each other, &c. These are so 
many actions which these nominatives do 
to each other, and so many states wherein 
they place each other ; therefore these 
words, strike each other, have struck each 
other, kc are reciprocal verbs. 

The neuter verb expresses an action of 
the nominative, which applies to no thing, 
or a state wherein it is placed by no one 
John runs; John is mmnted. The action 
of running is applied to no one, and the 
state of having mounted is produced by no 
one ; these words, therefore, runs and has 
ounted, are neuter verbs. 



THE dIOODS. 



We may speak of an action without na- 
ming the author of it : for instance, to die, 
dying, dead : there the action of dying is 
ilfributed to no one ; and the verb thus 
ised without its nominative, is said to be 
n the impersonal or infinitive mood- 

We may speak of an action as certain 
whether it be in the present, the past, the 
future, or the conditional tense. For exam- 
ple : I certainly do, I certainly did, I cer- 
tainly will do, I certainly could do, that act 
>f charity. When therefore the verb is 
used to declare an action as certain, it is 
aid to be in the affirmative or indicative 
mood. 

We may speak of an action in a manner 
so as to mark a desire that it should be 
done, whether ic be in the way of com- 
mand, request, or exhortation. — Go to 
church ; give him alms ; fight valiantly. 
!n this case, we say that the action, that is 
'he verb, is in the optative or imperative 
mood. 

Lastly, We may speak of an action as 
contingent, without being able to assert 
that it will be done or not, but as depen- 
dant upon some conjuncture ofcircumstan- 
ces. For instance : je permets quHl vien- 

, I permit him to come ; je voudrais 
qu'il vint, I would he came In these 
sentences 1 do not affirm that the action of 
his coming is doing, or that it will be done; 
and not knowing whether the conjuncture 
of circumstances will be sufficiently strong 
to prevent his coming, I do not dare even 
to affirm that the action of his coming is 
possible I cannot therefore use the in- 
dicative, and say, he comes, he came, he 
will come, he would come ; for all this 
would be so much untruth ; and one can- 
not say : je veux qu'il vienne certainement ; 
I wish him to come certainly; je voudras 
qu y il vint certainement, I would that he 
came certainly. Therefore, whenever 
we speak thus of an action, which is con- 
tingent or depending on a conjuncture of 
circumstances, we say that the verb is in 
the subjunctive mood. 

All verbs therefore have four moods, 
the infinitive, indicative, imperative, and 
subjunctive. 



31 



THE SIMPLE TENSES OF THE 
VERB. 

Every mood has a greater or less num- 
ber of tenses. 

The infinitive has three : the first ex 
presses the impersonal action in itself: as 
to love, to dance. This is the present of 
the infinitive. The second implies th:it 
the irr personal action is but half finished : 
as loving, dancing. This is termed the 
participle present. The third implies that 
the impersonal action is finished or placed 
in a certain state : as loved, danced. This 
is the participle past. 

The indicative has four tenses : 1. 1 
love, I dance. 2. I loved, I danced. 3. / 
shall love, J shall dance. 4. I covld love, 
I could dance. The first implies that the 
action is doing at the moment we are 
speaking The second, that the action 
was doing previously to the moment we 
are speaking.* The third, that is subse- 
quent to the moment we are speaking. 
The fourth speaks of an action simply pos- 
sible, without assigning to it any particular 
time : / could dance may be said equally 
of the present, past, or future time. 

The imperative has but one tense in 
French : aime, joue, danse, love, play, 
dance (thou) 

The subjunctive might have the same 
tenses as the indicative ; but in French it 
has but two. The first which is called 
the present, serves to express the contin- 
gent action of either the present or fu 
ture : il veut queje Vaime, he wishes that 
I should love him : il voudra queje danse, 
he will wish that I should dance. The 
second is called the imperfect, and serves 
to express the contingent action, when 
past or possihle. // voulait, il voulut, il 
voudrait que je Vaimasse, he wished... he 
would wish that I should love him. 



* The French divide the second tense, 
/ loved, I danced, into two. They trans- 
late / loved, I danced, sometimes by fai- 
mais,je dansais This they call imperfect; 
and sometimes by j'aimai, je dansai. Thi.» 
they call the perfect. 



THE COMPOUND TENSES OF THE 
VERB. 

The simple leases, viz. aimer, aimant, 
aime, faimi, j'aimais, j^aimai, j'aimerai, 
faimerais, que j' 'aime, que faimasse, aime, 
imply simply the act ot itself, or as it 
were, the body of the action. But there 
are in the conjugations other tenses, 
which are made use of to express the in- 
tervals or the intermediate space of ac- 
tions. These tenses are not inserted in 
the conjugations, because they are only 
composed of an auxiliary verb with their 
own definite or participle. But not to be 
accused of any omission, we will here give 
a summary view of the manner in which 
the compound tenses of every verb are 
formed in French. 

1 . Compound Tenses of the Verb Active. 

Avoir aime, ayanl aime, eu aime. fai 
aimt,j'avais aime % feus aime, faurai aime , 
faurais aime ; que f axe aime; quefeusse 
aime. Aie aime [not in use.) 

2. Compound Tenses of the Verb Passive.* 

Avoir ete aime. ayanl etc aime, j'ai etc 
aime.favais ete aime, feus He aim*, fau- 
rai He aime, faurais He aime ; que j 'aie 
ete axmc ; que fcusse ttt aime. 

3. Compound Tenses of the Reflected and of 

the Reciprocal Verb. 

S'etrc aime, s'etant aime ; je me suis 
anne,je m'etais amie.je mefus aim'e,je me 
serai aimeje me serais aime ; que je me 
sois aime, que jc me fusse aime. 



* The verb passive has in French no 
mple tenses as in Latin : its simple tenses 
are Composed of the verb ctre, and its 
own participle as follows : ctre aime, ctant 
arrne, etc aime ; je suis aime, j'ctais aime, 
je fus aime, je serai aime, je serais aime ; 
sois aime; que jr.. sois aunt, que je fusst 
ainir. 



32 



4. The verb neuter forms its com- 
pound tenses like the verb active, with 
the exception of the following ; which 
form their compound as the passive verb 
does its simple tensea. 



etre account (2) 


etre mort 


allt 


ni 


apparu (2) 


parti 


arrir'e 


parvenu 


convenu ( 1 ) 


passt (3) 


dtcidt 


restS 


dichu 


retourne 


desccndu{\) 


revenu 


devenu 


sorti (1, 4) 


ichu 


survenu 


entre 


tombS 


tclos 


venu 


intervenu 


and two or three 


monU(\) 


others. 


OBSERV 


ATIONS. 





) 



Convenir, to please ; descendre une 
chose, to lower a thing ; monterune chose, 
to raise a thing ; sortirune chose, to bring 
out a thing ; passer to be adopted as, mon 
avis a passe, my opinion has been adopted; 
are conjugated with the verb avoir, in 
their compound tenses. 

(2) _ 

May be likewise conjugated with the 
verb avoir; but etre is preferable. 

(3) 
Takes the verb avoir in its compound 
tenses, when it signifies a motion not yet 
ended ; the President has passed the Nm 
tional Hotel on his way to the Capitol 
le President a pause devout VHotel Na 
tional pour aller au Capitole. 

(4) 
When, after going out, one is returned 
home, surtir takes the verb avoir in its 
comoound tenses. 



THE NUMBERS OF THE VERBS. 

In every tense of the indicative, imper- 
ative, and subjunctive mood, we distin- 
guish two numbers, the singular and plu- 
ral. The singular is used when the 
action is done by only one person orthing: 
I love, faime; Peter loves, Pierre aime. 
And the plural, when the action is done 
by more than one : we love, nous aimons ; 
John and Peter love, Jean et Pierre 
airnent. 



THE PERSONS OF THE VERB. 

We distinguish three persons in each 
number The first is the person that 
speaks ; Hove, we love. The second is 
the person to whom we speak ; thoulovest, 
you, ye love. The third is the person of 
whom" we speak ; he, she, one loves, they 
love. Observe, that all nouns and things 
which do an action are of the third person, 
and require the singular, when they are 
but one, and the plural, when they are 
more than one. 



§XIX. 

THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGA- 
TIONS. 

When we go through all the moods and 
tenses of a verb, in both numbers, this is 
called conjugating a verb. 

There are four conjugations of Frenck 
verbs. 

The first ending in ER, as aimer, tt 
love. 

The second in IR, as^/mir, to finish. 

The third in EVOIR, as recevoir, to 
receive. 
I The fourth in RE, as rendre, to render. 



33 

MODEL OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION 
ENDING IN ER. 



I. INFINITIVE. 

1 Present, (to) LOVE: JUM-ER 

2 Participle Present, loving aim-ant 

3 Participle Past, loved aim-e } fern, aim-ie 

II. INDICATIVE, 



1. Present. 


4. Future. 




1 love, I do love, ) 
or I am loving $ 


J'aim-e 


1 shall or will love 


J'aim-er^i 


hou shalt — will love 


tu aim -eras 


thou lovest 


tu aim-es 


he shall — will love 


il aim-era 


he loves 


il aim e 


we shall — will love 


nous aimerons 


we love 


nous aim-ons 


you shall — will love 


vous aim-erez 


you love 
they love 


vous aim ez 


ihey shall — will love 


Us aim erant 


Us aim- ent 












5. 


Conditional. 


2. Imperfect. 


1 should, could, 


> love 


«7Wm-erais 


I loved, I did love, ) 
or I was loving $ 


J'cum-ais 


or would 










thou lovedst 


tu aim-ais 


thou shoudst — 


j 




he loved 


il aim-ait 


couldst-wouldst 


> love 


tu aim- erais 


we loved 


nous azm-ions 








you loved 
they loved 


vous aim iez 
Us aim- aient 


he should — 
could — would 


> love 


il aimerait 


3. Perfect. 


we should — 


> love 




I loved, I did love, > 
or I was loving, $ 


J'aim-ai 


'.ould — would 


nous aim- erions 










thou lovedst 
he h.ved 


tu aim as 
il aim -a 


you should — 
could — would 


> love 


vous aim-eriez 


we loved 


nous aim-ame^ 








you loved 
ihey loved 


vous aim -ate s 
Us aim erent 

III. IMPE 
\.P\ 


they should — 
jcould — would 

RATIVE. 

'esent. 


> love 


Us aim- erai ent 


No first person. 








love 


(thou) 


aim-e 






let h 


im love 


quit 


airn-c 




lei us love 


aim -ons 




love 


(ye) 


aimez 




let them love 


quails 


am- ent 





IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 



1. Present 
That I may love, > 

or I love \ ? ue 
thon mayest love tu aim-e* 
he may love 
we may love 
you may love 
they may love 



T aim-e 



il aim-e 
nous oim-ion c 
vous aim-iez 
Us utro-ent 



2. Imperfect. 



That 1 might love, ) r , . 

or Moved ^ 9« f ^mm-ssse 



thou mightest love 
he might love 
we might love 
you might love 
they might love. 



tu aim asses 
il aim at 
nous aim assion? 
vous a?m-assie7 
Us aim-assent 



34 

MODEL OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
ENDING IN IR. 



I. INFINITIVE. 

1 Present, (to) FINISH FIN IR 

2 Participle Present, finishing y?«-issant 

3 Participle Past, finished fini, t'em.fin-ie 



II. INDICATIVE. 



1. Present. 



I finish, I do finish. 

or I am finishing, 
thou fiuishest 
he finishes 
we finish 
you finish 
they finish 



Je^n-is 

tufin-is 
il Jin-it 

nousfin-issons 
vousfin-issez 
ilsfin-issent 



2. Imperfect. 



I finished, I did finish, 

or I was finishing 
thou finishedst 
he finished 
we finished 
you finished 
they finished 



Jefin-issdLis 

tufin-issais 
i/jfoi-issait 
nousjln issions 
wowsj^w-issiez 
iVs^tt-issaient 



3. Perfect. 
I finished, I did finish, ( 

or I was finishing, 
thou finished 
he finish 
we finish 
you finish 
they finish 



Jefin-is 

tufin-is 
il fin-it 
nous fin imes 
vous fin ites 
Us fin irent 



4. Future. 



I shall or will finish 
thou shalt — wilt finish 
he shall — will finish 
we shall-— will finish 
you shall — will finish 
they shall— will finish 



Jefin-irai 

tufiniras 

i/ySn-ira 

n ous fin-irons- 

vous fin-irez 

Us fin iront 



5. Conditional. 
I should, could, ) r . , 7 - . . 

or would I fimsh -M»-™« 

thou shouldst — ? /• • i , * • 

couldst-wouldst I finish **fl»™ 

he should — ) ~ . , •,/*••. 

could-would $ fin,jh ''>■«" 

we should — } ~ . , j: - -^ . 

could-would $ fin,sh ^us fin-mom 

you should — ) * . , ,. . . 

could-would ^ msh ™<">-" ez 

co e uId-rui I"* M**- 



III. 



IMPERATIVE. 
1. Present. 



No first person, 
finish (thou) 
let him finish 
let us finish 
finish (ye) 
let them finish 



fin is 

gu'ilfin-isse 
fin issons 
ym-issez 
qu'ils fin -issent 



1. Present. 
That I may finish, 1 T » . 

or I finish J V»J*fin-™* 
thou mayest finish ta^/m isses 
he may finish 
we may finish 
you may finish 
they may finish 



IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

2. Imperfect; 

thou mighieft finish fwym-isses 

he might finish ilfin-U 

we might finish nous fin-issiora 

you might finish zwtts^/in-issiez 

they might finish ilsfin-issent 



ilfin isse 
nous fin issions 
vous fin issiez 
ilsjin-isjswt 



35 

MODEL OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
ENDING IN EVOIR. 



I. INFINITIVE. 

1 Present, (to) RECEIVE 

2 Participle Present, receiving 

3 Participle Past, received 



REOEVOIR 

rec evant 

reg-u, fem. rec-ue 



II. INDICATIVE. 



1. Present. 

I receive, I do receive, ) 
or I am receiving $ 
thou receivest 
he receive 
we receive 
yon receive 
they receive 



Je ref-ois 

je reg ois 
il reg-oit 
nous rec-evons 
vous rec-evez 
Us rep-oivent 



2. Imperfect. 

I received, I did receive, } T 

, ' 'We rec-evais 

or I was receiving ) 

thou receivedst tu rec-evais 

he received il rec-evait 

we received nousrec-evion- 

you received vous rec-eviez 

they received Us rec-evoieut 



3. Perfect. 
I did receive, ) 



I received 

or 1 vvas receiving, 
thou receivedst 
he received 
we received 
you received 

ey received 



Je reg-us 

tu reg-us 
Ureg-ut 
fious reg- times 
vous re^-utea 
Us rec urent 



4. Future. 
jl shall or will receive Je rec-evrai 
thou shalt — wilt receive 
he shall — will receive 
we shall — will receive 
you shall — will receive 
they shall — will receive 



tu rec~e vras 
il rec evra 
nous rec evrons 
vous rec evrez 
Us rec-evront 



5. Conditional. 



I should, could. 
or would 



receive Je rec-evrais 



thou shouldst- 

couldst-wouldst I recei7e iu « c -evrais 



he should — 
could — would 



receive il rec-evrait 



we should — ) 

ould-would $ receive nousrecevnons 

ou should — ) 

ould-would f rece,ve ™us recevnez 



hey should — } 
ould — would 5 



receive Us rec-e vraient 



HI. 

No first person, 
receive (thou) 
let him receive 
let us receive 
receive (ye) 
let them receive 



IMPERATIVE. 

1. Present. 



reg-0\s 

qu'il ref-oive 

rec evons 

rec evez 

qu'ils ref-oivent 



IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 



1. Present. 

That I may receive, } T 

. J . ' > que Je reg-oi\e 
or I receive ) 7 r 

thou mayest receive tu reg -oives 

he may receive il reg oive 

we may receive nous rec evions 

you may receive vous rcc-eviez 

ifrey may receive Us reo-oivent 



2. Imperfect. 
That I might »cme,> j, 
or I received 3 
thou mightest receive tu ref-usses 
he might receive il rer-ut 
we might receive nousreg-ussions 
you might receive vous ref-ussiez 
they might receive Us re$ -ussent 



36 



MODEL OF THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
ENDING IN RE. 



I. INFINITIVE. 



1 Present, 

1 Participle Present, 

3 Participle Past, 



(to) RENDER MJVD.RE 
rendering rend ant 
rendered rend-u, fern, rend-ue 



II. INDICATIVE. 



1. Present. 
I render, I do render, 

or I a i rendering 
thou renderest 
he renders 
we render 
you render 
they render 



Je rends 

tu re?id-s 
il rend 
nous rend-ous 
vous rend-ez 
Us rend-ent 



2. Imperfect. 

I rendered, I did render, ) T , . 
or I was rendering \ Je rend a,s 
thou renderedst tu rend ais 

he rendered il rend-ait 

we rendered nous rend-ions 

you rendered vous rend-iez 

they rendered Us rend aient 

3. Perfect. 

1 rendered, I did render, > T 

or I was rendering \ Je rend ,s 
thou renderedst tu rend is 

he rendered il rend-it 

we rendered nms rend ime> 

you rendered vous rend lies 

they rendered j/s rcna irent 



4. Future. 
I shall or will render 
thou shalt— wilt render 
he shall— will render 
we shall — will render 
you shall— will render 
they shall— will render 



Je rend rai 
tu rend ras 
il rend ra 
nous rend-rom 
vous rend-rez 
Us rend- ront 



5. Conditional. 
I should, could, ) , 
or would < render /e raid-rais 

'hou shouldst — > . 
nouldst-wouldst $ render '" ^«c?-rais 



he should — 
'ould — would 

we should — 
<ould — would 



render il rend-rait 



£ render ?wus rend-rlons 

hould— } 

would r render vousrend-viez 

> render Us rend- raient 



you should — 
-ould 



they should — 
could — would 



III 



No first person, 
render (tnoti) 
let him render 
let us render 
render (ye) 
let them render 



IMPERATIVE. 
1 . Present. 



rend s 
qu'il rend e 
ren^-ons 
rend ez 
qu'ils rend ent 



IV. SUBJUNCTIVE. 



rend- 



1. Piesent. 
That I may render. ) T 

or I render \ ? we Je 
thou mayest render tu rend es 
he may render il rend e 

we may render nous rend ion< 

you may render vous rend-iez 
thej may render Us rend ent 



2. Imperfect. 
That I might render, ) r . , M 
or 1 rendered \^^rend-i4e 
thou mightest render tu rend isses 
he raisiht render il re nd it 
we might render nous rend issions 
you might render vous rend issiez 
they might render i/smicf-issent 



REMARK— The French verbs which do not follow these four conjugations, as a 
general standard, are classified and conjugated with proper observations under the 
head of irregular. 



SNBSENNDt GHB&Sm&ft 



THIRD PART. 

§XX. 

IRREGULAR VERBS. See Remark, p. 43. 



Regular ending of the Imperfect and Con 

ditional in the Indicative. 

ais,ais. ait — ions, iez, aient 

Regular ending of the Perfect in the Indica 
the. 
1°. in ai — ai, as, a — ames, ates, ereot 

2°. in is — is, is, it — Imes, ites, ireot 

3°. in ins — ins, ins, int — inmes, lutes, 

inreot 
4°. in us — us, us, ut — times, utes, urent 

ABSOUDRE (to absolve)— p. p. absol 
vant ; past, absous, or absout ; f. absoute 
— pres. j'absous, absous, absout; absol 
vons, absolvez, absolvent, imp. j'absol- 
vais (no perfect.) FUT.j'absoudrai. cond 
j'absoudruis. — imperat. absous, absolve 
absolvons, absolvez, absolvent, subj. y- 
absolve. absolves, absolve ; absolvions, 
absolviez, absolvent (no imperfect. J 

ACCROIRE {to make believe)— only 
used in the infinitive with faire. 

ACQUERIR (to acquire) — p. p. acque 
rant; past, acquis — pres. j]acquiers, ac 
quiers, acquiert ; acquerons, acquerez, 
acquierent. imp. j'acquerais. perf. j 
acquis, fut. j'acquerrai. cond. j'ac 
querrais — imperat. acquiers, acquiere 
acquerons, acquerez, acquierent. subj 
j'acquiere, acquieres, acquiere ; acque 
rions, acqueriez, acquierent. imp. j'ac 
quisse. 

. . . AITRE, f.i. connaitre (to know) 
— p. p. connaissant ; past, connu — pres. 
je connais, connais, connall ; connaissons, 
connaissez, connaissent. imp. je connais- 
sais. perf. je connus, fut. je connal- 
trai. cond jeconnaitrais — imperat. con 
nais, connaisse, connaifesons, connaissez, 
connaissent. subj. je connaisse, connnis- 
ses, connaisse ; connaissions. connaissiez, 
connaissent, imp. je connusse. 
F 



Regular ending of the Future in the Indica- 
tive. 

ai, as, a — ons, ez, ont 

Regidar ending of the Imperfect in the Sub' 
junctive. 

• \o in asse — asse, asses, at — assions, as- 

siez, assent 
2° in isse — isse, isses it — issions, issiez, 

issent 
3° in insse — insse, insses, int — inssions, 

inssiez, in-sent 
4» in usse — usse, usses, ut — ussions, us« 

siee, ussent. 

ALLER, (to go) — p p. allant ; past. 
alle — pres je vais, or je vas, vas, va ; al- 
lons, allez, vont imp j'allais. perf. 
j'allai. fut j'irai coND.j'irais — imperat. 
va, aille ; allons, allez, aillent. — N B va- 
t'en, — vas-y — va y mettre ordre. subj. 
j'aille, ailies, aille ; allions, alliez, aillent. 
imp. j'allasse. 

APPAROIR (to appear) only used in the 
infinitive and third person ; il appert, it ap- 
pears. 

ASSAILLIR (to assail) — p. p. assail- 
lant ; past, assailli — pres j'assaille, as- 
sailles, assaille ; assaillons, assaillez, as- 
saillent. imp. j'assaillais. perf. j'assail- 
lis. fut. j'assaillirai. cond j'assaillirais 
— imperat. assaille, assaille; assaillons, 
assaillez, assaillent. subj j'assaille, as- 
sailles, assaille ; assaillions, assailliez, as- 
saillent. imp. j'assaillisse. 

. . . ASSEOIR (to sit down)— ?. p. as- 
seyant ; past, assis — pres. j'assieds, ag- 
sietfo, assied ; asseyons, assevez, asseyent. 
imp. j'asseyais. perf. j'assis. FUT.j'as- 
sieiiii. cond i'assierais — impkrat. assieds, 
asseye; asseyons, asseyez, asseyent. subj. 
j'asseye, asseyes, asseye ; asseyions, as- 
seyiez, asseyent. imp. j'assisse. 

ASSERVIR (to subject,) like PUNIR. 

ASSORTIR (to sort,) like PUNIR. 



38 



AVENTR (to happen) — p. p. avenant ; 
def. Hvenu — pres. il avient imp. il av 
en*it. perf il avint fut. il aviendra. 
cond il aviendrait — subj. il avienne. imp. 
il avint. — (No other tense or person.) 

. , . AYER, f. i payer {to pay) — p. p 
payant ; past, paye* — pres. je paye, payes, 
paye ; payons, payez, payent. imp. je 
payais. perf. je payai. fut je payerai 
cond. je payerais — imperat. paye, paye 
payons, payez, payent, subj. je paye. 
payes, paye; pnyions, payiez, payent. 

. .. BATTRE (to heat)— p. p. baltant; 
past, battu — PRES.je bats, bats, bat; bat 
tons, battez, battent imp. je battais 
perf. je battis. fut. je battrai. cond 
je battrais — imperat bats, batte ; battons. 
battez, battent subj je batte, battes, bat- 
te ; battions, battiez, battent. imp je 
battisse. 

. . . B^NIR (to bless,) like PUNIR 
But the past, makes bdnit,/ benile. when 
it signifies consecrated. 

. . . BOIRE (to drink)— p. p. buvant 
past, bu — PRES.je bois. bois, boit ; bu- 
vons, buvez, boivent. imp. je buvais 
perf. je bus. fut. je boirai. cond. je 
boirais — imperat. bois, boive ; buvons 
buvez, boivent. subj. je boive, boives 
boive; buvions,buviez, boivent. 



. . . BOUILLIR (to boil)— p. p. bouil 
lant ; past, bouilli — pres je bous, bous, 
bout ; bouillons, bouillez, bouillent. imp. 
je bouillais. perf. je bouillis. fut. je 
bouillirai. cond je bouillirais. — imperat 
bous, bouille ; bouillous, bouillez bouil- 
lent. subj je bouille, bouilles, bouille ; 
bouillions, bouilliez, bouillent. imp. je 
bouillisse. 

BRAIRE (to bray)— pres. il brait, ils 
braient fut il braira, ils brairont. 
cond il brairait, ils brairaient. subj. il 
braie, ils braient — (No other tense or per- 
son.) 

BRUIRE (to rustle)— imp. il bruyait— 

(No other tense or person) 

* . . CER, f i. percer (to bore) — p p. 
percant ; past perce — pres. je perce, 
perces, perce ; percons. percez, percent. 
imp. je percws, per9ais, pe^ait; percions, 
perciez, per9aient. perf je per9ai 
put je percerai. cond je perceiai* — 
imperat. flerce, perce ; perjoas, percez, 



percent, subj. je perce, perces, perce ; 
(percions, perciez, percent; imp je per- 
casse. 

CHOIR (to fall)— past chu— {No 
other tense or person. ) 

. . . CIRE, like . . . FIRE. 

. . . CLORE (to close) — past, clos — 
pres. je clos, clos, clot. fut. je clorai. 
cloras, clora ; clorons, clorez, cloront. 
cond. je clorais, clorais, clorait ; clorions, 
cloriez, cloraient — {No other tense or per- 
son.) 

. . . CLURE, f. i. conclure (to conclude) 
p. p. concluant ; past, conclu — pres je 
conclus conclus, conclut ; concluons, con- 
ciuez, concluent imp. je concluais. 
perf. je conclus. fut. je conclurai. 
cond. je conclurais — imperat conclus, 
conclue ; concluons, concluez, concluent. 
subj. je conclue, conclues, conclue ; 
concluions, concluiez, concluent. imp. 
je conclusse. 

*INCLURE, like conclure ; but in the 
past, inclus. 

COMPARGIRfto appear in a court of 
justice.) — (No other tense or person.) 

CONQJJERIR, like ACQUERIR. 



. . . COUDRE (to sew)— p. p. cousant; 
past, cousu— pres. je couds, couds, couds, 
coud ; cousons, cou*ez. imp. je cousais. 
perf je cousis, fut je cotidrai. cond. 
je coudrais — imperat. couds, couse; cou- 
sons, cousez, cousent. subj. je couse, cau- 
ses, couse ; cousioos, cousiez, cousent. 
imp. je cousisse. 

. . . COURIR (to run)— p. p. courant ; 
past, couru — pres. je cours, cours, court; 
courons, courez, courent. imp je cou- 
rais. perf. je courus. fut. je courrai. 
cond. je courrais— imperat. cours, coure; 
courons, courez, courent. subj. je coure, 
coures, coure; courions, couriez, courent. 
imp je courusse. 

* COURRE, like COURIR. 

. . . CRIRE, f. i. e"crire (to write}-*- 
p. emvant ; past, <*crit— pres j'ecris, 
ecris, <*crit ; ecrivions, £crivez, ecrivent. 
imp. j'e"crivais perf j'dcrivis. fut j'- 
e'crirai. cond. j'ecrirais— imperat <*cns, 
derive ; e'erivons, emvez, ecrivent. subj. 
jNSciive, ecrives, ecrive; Ecrivions, &ri- 
vie*, ecrivent. imp. j'ecrivisse. 



39 



CROIRE (to believe)— p. p. croyant ; 
past, cru — pres. je crois, crois, croit , 
eroyons, croyez, croient. imp. je croyais. 
perf. je cms. fut. je croirai. coND.je 
croirais — imperat. crois, croie ; eroyons. 
croyez, croient. subj. je croie, croies, 
eroie; croyions, croyiez, croient. imp. 
je crusse. 

. . . CUEILLIR (to gather) p. p. cueil- t 
lant; past, cueilli — pres. je cueille, cue 
illes, cueille; cueillons. cueillez, cueillen;. 
iMp.je cueillais perf. je cueillis. fut 
je t ueillerai. cond. je cueillerais — im 
perat cueille. cueille; cueillons, cueillez 
cueillent subj. je cueille, eueilles, cue 
ille; cueilhons, cueilliez, cueillent. imp 
je cueillisse. 



DECHOIR (to decay)— past, de'ehu 
pres je de'ebois, de'ehois, de'ehoit ; de" 
choyons. dechoyez, dechoient. (no imp. 
perf. je dechus; fut. je decherrai. cond 
je decberrais — imperat. de'ehois, dechoie; 
dechoyons, dechoyez, dechoient. subj 
je de'choie, dechoies, dechoie; dechoyions, 
dechoyiez, dechoient. imp. je d^cbusse 

DEFAILLIR (to grow faint) — past, de 
failli — pres. nous defaillons imp. jedd 
faillais, &c. perf je deTaillis, &c. (No 
other tense. J 

DEMOUVOIR (to make one desist.)— 
{No other tense.) 

DEVOIR (to be bound)— p. p. devant 
fast du ; f. due — pres. je dois, dois, doit; 
devons, devez, doivent. imp. je devnis ; 
perf. je dus. Fc/T.je devrai cond je 
devrais — subj. je doive, doives, doive ; de 
vions,deviez, doivent. imp je dusse. (no 
imperat.) 



i. predire (to foretell) — 
past predit — pres. je 



. ..DIRE,f 
p. p. prddisant. 

predis, prddis, predit ; predisons, preMis<>z 
(*,) predisent. imp. je predisais perf. 
je predis. fut je pre"dirai. cond. je pre 
dirais — imperat. precis, predise ; pre'di 
sons, prddisez (*), pre'disent- subj je 
precise, predises, precise ; precisions, 
predisiez, pre"disent. imp. je prddisse. 

(*) DIRE and REDIRE, make here: 
dites, redites. 

DISSOUDRE (to dissolve)— p. p. dissol- 
yant. past, dissous ; /. dissoute— pres 
je dissous, dissous, dissout ; dissolvons. 
^issolvez, dissolvent, imp. je dissolvais. 



(no perf.) fut. dissoudrai. cond. je dis- 
soudrais; — imperat. dissous, dissolve ; 
dissolvons, dissolvez, dissolvent, subj. 
je dissolve, dissolvez, dissolve; dissolvi- 
ons, dissolviez, dissolvent, (no imp.) 

. . . DOR MIR (to sleep}-?. P . dormant; 
T'Ast, dormi — pres je dors, dors, dort ; 
dormons, dormez, donnent. imp je dor- 
mais ; perf* je dormis fut* je dormirai. 
cond je dormirais — imperat. dors, dor- 
me ; dormons, dormez* dorment subj. 
je dorme, dormes, dorme ; dormions, dor- 
miez, dorment. im p . je dormisse. 



J'- 



ECHOIR (to fall out)— v. P . dchdant ; 
past, ecbu — pres. il echoit, [no other per 
son) — (no imp.) perf j'e'ehus ; fut 
dcherrai. cond j'echerrais. — (No im 
perai') (No subj. p.) im p . j'echusse. 

i 

ECLORE (to blow, to break out,) prss. 
il eclot. ils eclosent. fut. il eclora. 
cond- il eclorait — subj. il eclose. (No- 
other tense or person) 

. . . ELER, f. i. appeler, (to call) — p.p. 
appelant : past, appele" — pres. j'appelle, 
appelles, appelle ; appelons. appelez, ap- 
pellent. mP.j'appelais. PERF.j'appelai. 
fut. j'appellerai. cond. j'appellerais — 
imperat. appelle, appelle; a ppelons, ap- 
pelez, appellent. subj j'appelle, appeliea, 
appelle ; appelions, appeliez, appellent. 
imp. j'&ppelasse. 

* CELER, DECELER, DEGELER, 
EPELER, GELER, and PELER, never 
rep. at their L. 

. . . ENER, f. i. mener, (to lead)— like 
espe*rer ; but in the fut. and cond. je me- 
nerai.je mene rais, without accent. 

. . . ENIR, r. i. venw (to come) — p p. 
venant; past, venu — pres. je viens. viens, 
vient ; venons, venez, viennent. imp je 
venais. PERF.jevins fut. je viendrai. 
coND.je viendrais — imperat- viens, vien- 
venons, venez, viennent. subj. je 



vienne, viennes, vienne 
viennent. imp je vinsse- 



venions. veniez, 



. . . ENTIR, f. 1 sentir (tofeel) — p. r. 
sentant; past, senti — pres. je sens, sens, 
sent ; sentons, sentez, sentent. imp je 
sentais perf. je senlis. fut. je sentirai. 
coND-je sentirais — imperat sens, sente ; 
se.Dtons, sentez, sentent. subj je sente, 
sentes, sente; sentions, sentiez, sentent. 
iMp.je sentisfc. 



40 



ENVOY ER (to send)— p. P . envoy ant ;] 
part, envoye— pres j'envoie, enyoies, en- 
voie ; envoyons, envoyez, envoient. imp | 
j'envoyais- perf. j'envoyai. fut. j'en- 
verrai. cond. j'enverrais — imperat en 
voie, envoie ; envoyons, envoyez, envoi- 
ent. subj j'envoie, envoies, envoie ; en- 
voyion9, envoyiez, envoient. imp. j'en- 
voyasse. 

FAILLIR( to fail)— past, failli- perf 
je faillis. (The other tenses are not used-) 

. . . FAIRE (to make)— p. p. faisanl. 
past, fait — pres. je fais, fais, fait ; faisons, 
faiths, font, imp je faisais ; perf- je fis ; 
fut je feral cond je ferais — imperat 
fai;?, fasse ; faisons, faites, fassent. subj 
je fasse, fasses, fasse ; fassions, fassiez, 
fassent. imp. je fisse. 

FALLOIR (to be necessary) — past, fal- 
lu — pres. il faut. imp. il failait. perf. 
il fallut. FUT.il fnudra. cond- il fa ud rait 
subj. il faille; imp. il fallut. (No other 
tense or person.) 

FERIR is only used in these sentences : 
sans coup ferir, without striking a blow ; 
il est feru de cette femme, he is in love 
with this woman- 

. . . FIRE, f. i- suffire (to suffice) p. p. 
suffisant; past, suffi — pRES.je suffis, suffis, 
suffit ; suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. imp. 
je suffisais. perf. je suffis. fut. je suf 
firai. cond* je suffirais — imperat. suffis, 
suffise ; suffisons, suffisez, suffisent. subj. 
je suffise, suffises, suffise ; suffisions, suffi- 
siez, suffisient imp. je suffisse CON- 
FIRE (to preserve,) like SUFFIRE ; but 

in the past, confit CIRCON IRE (to 

circumcise,) like SUFFIRE ; but in the 
past t circoncis. 

FLEUR1R, like PUNIR, buifgurative 
ly, we say in the p. p. florissant, and in the 
imp. il florissait ; ils florissaient. 



, . . FR1R, f. i. offrir (to offer)— 
offrant ; past, offert— pres j'offre, offres; 
offre, offrons, offrez, offrent. imp. j'of 
frais. perf, j'offris. fut. j'offrirai. cond. 
j'offrirais — imperat. offre, offre ; offrons. 
offrez, offrent- subj- j'offre, offres. offre, 
offnons, offriez, offrent. imp. j'offrisse. 

FRIRE [to jry) — past- frit — pres. je 
fris. Irit FUT.jefrirai cond je frirais 
imperat. fris. (No other tense or person.) 



. . FUIR (tofiy) — p. p. fuyant ; past, 
iui — pres. je fuis, fuis, fuit ; fuyons, fuy- 
ez,fuient. imp- je fuyais. perf. je fuis. 
fut. je fuirai ; cond- je fuirais — imperat. 
fuis, fuie ; fuyons, fuyez, fuient. subj. 
je fuie, fuies, fuie ; fuyions, fuyiez, fuient. 
iMP.je fuisse. 

. . . GER, f. i. juger (to judge) — p- p. 
jugeant ; PAST,juge— pres- je juge, juges, 
juge ; jugeons, jugez, j agent, imp. je ju- 
iceais, jugeais, jugeait; jugions, jugiez, ju- 
^eaient. pf.rf je juy;eai, jugeas, jugea ; 
jugeames, jugeates, jugerent. fut. jeju- 
gerai. cond. jejugeraU — imperat. juge, 
juge ; jugeons, jugez, jugent. subj. je 
juge; juges, juge ; jugions. jugiez, jugent. 
imp. je jugeasse. 

GESIR (obsolete)--^ lie)— p. pgisant 
pres. il git, nonsgisons, ils gisent. imp. 
il gisait. (No other tense or person.) 

HAIR (to hate) — p. p. haissant ; past, 
hai — pres. je hais,'hais, hait — imperat. 
hais. (The other tenses and persons like 
PUNIR.) 

HONN1R (to shame) — PASt, honni. 
(No other tense or person.) 

. . . IER, f. i. prier ; imp. and subj. 
nous priions, vous priiez ; {the rest is 
regular.) 

. . . INDRE, f. i. craindre (to fear)— 
p. p. craignant ; past, craint — pres. je 
crains, crains, craint ; craignons, craignez, 
craignent. imp. je craignais. perf. je 
craignis. fut. je craindrai. cond. je 
craindrais— imperat. crains, craigne; cra- 
ignons, craignez, craignent. subj. je cra- 
igne, craignes, craigne ; craignions, crai- 
gniez, craignent. imp. je craignisse. 



. . . JETER (to throw)— p. p. jetant ; 
past, jete — pres. jejette, jettes, jette ; 
jetons, jetez, jettent. imp. jejetais; perf* 
je jetai fut- je jetterai. coND.je jette- 
rais. — imperat. jette, jette ; jetons, jetez, 
jettent. subj. jejette, jettes, jette ; je- 
tions, jetiez, jettent. im . je jetasse. 

. . . LIRE (to read) — p. p. lisant ; PASt, 
lu- pres. je lis, lis, lit; lisons, lisez, lisent. 
iiMP.je lisais. perf jelus. fut.jc lirai. 
[cond. je lirais — imperat. lis, lise ; lisons, 
|lisez, lisent. subj. je lise, lises, lise : 
lisions, lisiez, lisent. imp. je lusse. 



MAUDIRE (to curse)— past- maudit. 
(The other tenses and person like PUNIR. 



41 



. . . METTRE (to put)— p. P . mettant. 
past, mis — pres. je mets, mets, met ; 
mettons,mettez, mettent. iMP.jemettais; 
PERF.jemis. fut. je tnettrai. coND.je 
mettrais — imperat. mels, mette ; mettons, 
mettez, mettent. suBJ.je mette, mettes, 
mette ; metlions, meltiez, mettent. imp. 
je misse. 

. . . MOUDRE (to grind) p. p. moulant 
past, moulu — pres. je mouds, mouds, 
moud ; moulons, moulez, moulent, imp 
je moulais perf. je moulus. fut. je 
moudrai. cond. je moudrais — imperat. 
mouds, moule; moulons, moulez, moulent 
suBJ.je moule- imp. je moulusse. 

MOURIR (to die) — p. p mourant; past 
mor T — pres je meurs, meurs, meurt 
mouroi.s, mourez, meurent. imp. je mou- 
rais. perf. je mourus. fut. je mour 
rai. cond- je mourrais — imperat. meurs 
meure; mouroDS, mourez, meurent. subj 
je meure, meures, meure; mounons, mou 
riez, meurent. imp. je mourusse. 

. . . MOUVOIR (to move)— -p. p. mou- 
vant; past, mu — pres. je meus, meus, 
meut ; mouvons, mouvez, meuvent. imp. 
je mouvais perf je mus. fut je mou- 
vrai, cond je mouvrais — imperat- meu«, 
raeuve ; mouvons, mouvez, meuvent. 
subj je raeuve, meuves, meuve ; mou 
vions, mouviez, meuvent imp je musse 

. . . NAITRE (tobebom) — p. p. naisant; 
past, ne — pres. je nats, nais, nait ; nai?.- 
sons, n -issez. naissent. imp je naissais ; 
perf. je naquis. fut. je naitrai. co.vd. 
je uaitrais — imperat- nais, naisse; nais- 
sons, nais9ez, naissent. subj. je' naisse, 
naisses, naisse; naissons, naissiez, nais- 
sent. imp je naquisse. 



. . . OITRE, f. i.croftre (to grow)— p. p 
croissant ; past, cru — pres- je crois,crois 
croit; croi»sons croisstz, croissent. imp 
je croissais. perf- je cru?. fut. je croi 
trai. cond. je crolirais — imperat. crois 
croisse ; croissons, croissez, croissent 
subj. croisse, croisses. croisse; croissiori9. 
croissiez, croissent. imp je crusse. 



Iploirai. cond. je ploirais — imperat. ploie, 
ploie ; ployons, ployez, ploient. subj. je 
ploie, ploies, ploie; ployions, ployiez, 
ploient. imp. je ployasse. 

. PART I R (to set out)— --p. p. partant; 
past, parti — pRES.je pars, pars, part; par- 
tons, partez, partent- imp- je partais. 
perf. je partis, fut- je partirai. cond. 
je partirais — imperat. pars, parte, par- 
tons, partez, partent. subj. je parte, par- 
tes, parte; partions, partiez, partent. imp. 
je partisse. 

. . . PLAIRE (toplease) ; p. p. plaisant; 
past, plu.— pres. je plais, plais, plait ; 
plaisons, plaisez, plaisent. imp. jeplaisa- 
is. perf. je plug. FUT.jeplairai. cond. 
je plairais — imperat. plais, plaise ; plai- 
sons, plaisez, plaisent. subj. je plaise, 
plaises, plaise; plaisions, plaisiez, plaisent. 
iMp. je plusse. 

PLEUVOIR (to rain)— p. p. pleuvant; 
past, plu — pres. il pleut. imp. il pleu- 
vait. perf. il plut. fut. il pleuvra. 
cond. il pleuvrait — subj.. il pleuve. imp. 
1 plut. (no other person.) 

* Figuratively. pres. ils pleuvent. 

imp. ils pleuvaient. perf. ils plurent. 

fut. ils pleuvront. cond. ils pleuvraient 
— imperat. pleuvez, ils pleuvent. subj- 
lc pleuvent. imp. ils plussent. (No other 

person.) 

P01NDRE (to sting) like CRAINDRE. 

POINDRE (to peep, to dawn.) — fut. il 
poindra. (No other tense or person.) 

POURVOIR (to provide)— v. P . pour- 
vovant; past, pourvu — pres. je pourvois, 
ourvois* pourvoit; pourvoyons, pour- 
voyez, pourvoient. imp. je pourvoyais. 
perf. je pourvus* fut. je pourvoirai. 
cond. jepourvoirais — imperat. pourvois, 
pourvoie ; pourvoyons, pourvoyez, pour- 
voient. subj. je pourvoie, pourvoies, 
pourvoie ; pourvoyions, pourvoyiez. 
pourvoient. imp. je pourvusse. 



OUIR (to hear) — past, oui ; perf. j'- 
ou'is — subj. iMP.j'ouisse. (No other tense ) 

. . OYER, f. i. ployer (to bend, to bow) 
p.p. ploy ant ; past, ploye" — PRES.je ploie 
ploies, pl.Me; ployons, ployez, ploient] 
imp. je ployais. perf. je ployai. fut. je 



POUVQIR (to be able)— p. r. pouvant ; 
past, pu (invariable.) — pres. je puis or 
je peux, peux, pent ; pouvons, pouvez, 
i>euvent. imp. je pouvais. perf. je pus. 
fut. je pourrai. cord, je pourrais — 
(TV) imperat.) scbj. je puis«e, puisses, 
puisse ; puissions, puissiez, puissent. 
imp. je pusse. 



42 



«» . PRE, f. i. rompre (to break) — p. p 
rompant ; past, rompu — pres je romps 
romps, rompt ; rompons, rompez, rom- 
pent. imp. je rompais. perf. je rompis. 
fut. je romprai. cond. je romprais— 
imperat. romps, rompe ; rompons, rom 
pez, rompent. subj. je rompe, rompes 
rompe ; rompions, rompiez, rompent 
imp. je rompisse. 

, . . PRENDRE (to take)— p. p. pre- 
nant; past, pris — pres je prends, prends 
prend ; prenons, prenez, prennent. imp. 
je prenais. perf. je pris. fut«jp pren- 
drai. cond je prendrais — imperat. 
prends, prenne ; prenons, prenez, pren- 
nent. subj. je prenne, prennes prenne; 
prenions, preniez, prennent. imp je pris- 
se. 

PREVALOIR (to prevail)— -p. p. pre 
valant; past, prevalu — pres. je pr^vaux, 
prevaux, prevaut; prevalons. pre>alez, 
prevalent. iMP.jepre'valais. perf. je pre'- 
valus fut. je prevaudrai* cond. je pre 
vaudrais — impkrat. prevaux, prdvale ; 
prevalons, prevalez, prevalent. suBj.je 
prevalent, prevales, prevale; prevalions, 
prevaliez, prevalent, imp. je pr£valusse. 

PRE VOIR (toforsee)—p. p. pre>oyant;j 
past, prevu — pres. je pre'vois, prevois, 
prevoit; prevoyons, prevoyez, prevoient 
iMP.jeprdvoyais, perf je previs. FUT.je 
pre'voira. cond. je prevoirais — imperat 
prevois, pre>oie ; prevoyons, prevoyez, 
prevoient. subj. je prevoie, prevoies, 
prevoie ; prevoyions, prevoyiez, prevoi- 
ent. imp. je previsse. 



PROMOUVOIR (to promote)- 
promu. (No other tense.) 



-PAST, 



QUERIR (to fetch) (No other tense.) 
RAVOIR (to get again.) (No other tense) 

REPARTIR (to reply, to go back again) 
tike PARTIR (to share, to assess) like PU 
NIR. 

REQUERIR, tike ACQUERIR. 

RESOUDRE (to dissolve) like DISSOU 
DRE. 

RESOUDRE (to determine)— v. p. re" 
solvant ; past, re'solu- — pres. je re>ous 
resous, redout; r^solvonsi lesolvez, resol- 
vent, imp. je resolvais. perf. je r^solus. 



fut .je resoudrai. cond. je resoudrais*-^ 
imperat. resous, resolve ; r^solrons, re- 
solvez, resolvent, subj. je resolve, re- 
solves, resolve; re'solvions, rtfsolviez, re- 
solvent, imp. je resolusse. 

RESSORTIR (to belong to a jurisdic- 
tion,) ZifcePUNIR. 

RESSORTIR (to go out again,) like 
SORTIR. V 

SAILLIR (to gush out,) like PUmR. 

SAILLIR (to project,) like CUEILLIR. 

S AVOIR (to know) — p. p. sachant ; 
pa*t, su — PREs.je sais.sais sai' j savons, 
savez, savent. iMP.je savais. perf. je*us, 
FUT.je saurai. cond. je saorais — impe- 
rat. sache, sacbe ; sachons, sachez .-a- 
chent. subj. je. sache, saches. sache , sa- 
chions, sachiez, sachent. imp. je susse. 

SEOIR (to sit) — p. p. s^ant ; pa?t. sis. 
(No other tense)— SEOIR (to befit)— pres. 
il sied, iis sieent. imp il seyait. fut. it 
siera. cond, il sierait (No other tense or 
person-) 

SORTIR (to go out)— p. p. sortant ; 
past, sorti — pres. je sors, sors, sort; sor- 
tons, sortez, sortent. imp. je sortais. perf. 
je sortis. fut. je sortirai. cond. jesor- 
tirais — imperat. sors, sorte; sortons, sor- 
tez, sortent. swBJ.je sorte. sortes, sorte; 
sortions, sortiez, sortent. iMP.je sortisse. 

SUIVRE (fo/b//oa;)— p.p.suivant; past,. 
suivi — pres. je suis, suis, suit ; suivons, 
suivez, suivent. imp. je suivais pf.rf. 
je suivis. fut. je suivrai. coND.je sui- 
vrais — imperat. suis, suive; suivons, sui- 
vez. suivent. subj. je suive, suivez, sui- 
ve; suivions, suiviez, suivent. imp. je 
suvisse. 

SURSEOIR(top«* off.)— pres. je sur- 
sois,?ursois, sur«oit; sursoyoos. ^ursovez, 
sursoient. imp. je sursoyais. pf.rf. je 
sursis. fut. je sursoirai. cond. jesur- 
soirais — subj. imp. je sursisse. (No other 
tense.) 

TAIRE (to keep secret.)— p. p. taisant ; 
Past, tu — PRF.s.je tais, tais. tnit ; t.«i«ons, 
taisez, taisent. imp. je taisais. pf.rf. je 
tus, FUT.je tairai. cond. je tairais — 
imperat. tais, taise ; taisons, taisez, taisent. 
isobj. je taise. t;iises, laise ; taisions, taisi-. 
|ez, taisent. imp. je cusse. 



43 



TETER like JETER, 

... TR AIRE (fo milk)—v. P. tray ant ; 
past, trait. — pres. je trais. trais, trait; 
travons. trayez. traient. imp je trayais. 
(no per/.) fut. je trairai. cond. je trai- 
rr.is — imperat. trais, traie ; trayons, tray- 
ez, traient. subj. je traie, traies, traie ; 
trayions, trayiez, traient. (no imp.) 

TRESS AILLIR (to stanlt,) like CU- 
EILL1R. (but no imperat ) 

. . . UIRE, f. i. produire (to produce) 
— p.p. produisant; past, produit. (1) — 
pRt-.je produis, produis, produit; pro! 
daifoos, produisez, produisent. imp. jej 
produisais. perf. je produisis. fut.jc 
produirai. cond. je produtrais — imperat.! 
produis, produise ; produisons, produisezj 
produisent. suBj.je produi-e, produises,j 
produise ; produisions, produisiez, pro- 
duisent. imp. je produisisse* 



(1) LUIRE a/idNUIRE makehere, \m, 



BUI. 



. . . UYER, f. i. appuyer (to lean)— p. 
p. appuyant ; past, appuye— pres. j'ap- 
puie appuies, appuie ; appuyons, appuy- 
ez, appuient. imp j'appuyais. perf j' 
appuyai- fut- j'appuyerai- cond j'ap 
puyerais — imperat- appuie, appuie; ap 
j)uyons, appuyez. appuient. suBJ.j'ap- 
puie, appuies, appuie ; appuyions, ap 
puyiez, appuient. imp. j'appuyasse. 

... V AINCRE (to conquer) — p. P. vain- 
quant ; past, vaincu — pres. je vaincs 
vaincs, vaioc (1) ; vamquons, vainqu*"' 
vainquent. imp. je vainquais (1). per*. 
je vainquis. fut. je vaincrai. cond. j 
vaincrais— imperat. vaincs (1), vainque ; 
vainquons, vainquez, vainquent. subj. je 



vainque, vainques, vainque ; vainquions, 

vainquiez vainquent. imp. je vainquisse. 

(1) Seldom used. 

. . . VALOIR (to be worth) p. p. valant; 
past. valu. — pres. je vaux, vaux, vaut ; 
valons, valez, valent. imp. je valais. perf. 
je valus. fut. je vaudrai. coND.jevau- 
drais — imperat. vaux, vaille; valons, va- 
lez, vaillent. subj. je vaille, vailles, vail- 
le, vailles, vaille; valions, valiez, vaillent^ 
imp. je valusse. 

. . . VIVRE (to live) — p. p. vivant; past, 
ve*cu^PRE«. je vis, vis, vit; vivons. vivez, 
vivent. imp. je vivais. perf. je ve>us. 
fut. je vivrai. cond. je vivrais — imperat. 
vis, vive ; vivions, vivez, vivent. subj. 
je vive, vives, vive; vivions, viviez, vivent. 
mr. je vecusse. 

. . . VOIR (to see) — p.p. voyant ; past, 
vu — pres. je vois, vois, voit ; voyons, 
voyez, voient. imp. je voyais. perf. je 
vis. fut. je verrai. cond. je verrais — ■ 
imperat. vois, voie, voyons, voyez, voient. 
subj. je voie. voies, voie; voyions, voyiez, 
voient. imp. je visse. 

VOULOIR (to want)— p. p. voulant ; 
past, voulu — pres. je veux. veux, veut ; 
voulons, voulez, veulent. imp. je voulais. 
PERF.je voulus. fut. je voudrai. cond. 
je voudrais — imperat. . . , veuillez . . . 
s*bj. je veuille, veuilles, veuille ; vou- 
lions, vouliez, veuillent. iMP.je voulusse* 

. . . VRIR, f. i. ouvrir (to open) — p. p. 
ouvrant; past, ouvert — pres. j'ouvre, ou- 
v es, ouvre ; ouvrons, ouvrez, ouvrent. 
»np. j'ouvrais. perf. j'ouvris. fut.j'ou- 
vrirai. coND.j'ouvrirais — imperat. ouvre, 
ouvre ; ouvrons, ouvrez, ouvrent. subj. 
j'ouvre, ouvres, ouvre; ouvrions, ouvnez, 
ouvrent. imp, j'ouvrisse. 



REMARK. — Reference to the regular ending of the imperfect, perfect, fu- 
ture, and conditional, of the Indicative, and the imperfect of the Subjunctive, 
placed at the beginning of the alphabetical arrangement of these irregular verbs: 
together with the proper application of the personal pronouns throughout, will 
-wmplete their conjugations. 



44 



§XXL 

VERBS AND ADJECTIVES. 

After which the Conjunction que requires the Jollowing Verb in the Sub- 

junctive Mood. 



admettre 


valoir mieux (2) 


JE SUI9. 


^ H fr? 


admirer (1) 


vouloir (2) 


aise (2) 


1 s - o -^ • O 


agreer 


ne s'apercevoir pas 


charme 




apprehender 


h'apprendre pas 


content 


^ 2 2? 1-5 
strs^ g < < 


n' apprehender pas(2) 


ne compter pas 


desole 


apprrmver 


ne se confirmer pas 


fdche 


ft 3 <t> => 2 &-> 


(s'il) arriver{\) 


ne convenir pas 


ravi 


^ » S » r^B 2 


attendre 


ne croire pas 





?^ o » 2 "° o 

■s O. D n J» 5?> J-v 


commander (1) 


ne dire pas 


IL EST. 


§ § an n 2-^ 
ST* ~ o a,-a) 


comprendre 


ne s'ensuivre pas (if) 


douteux 




concevoir 


n 1 entendre pas dire 


improbable 


2? # 1^ mm *\ Q 1 ^^ 


conseiller (1) 


n'esperer pas 


incimcevable 


-9-5 O" N ft ^ 


consentir 


ne sefigurer pas 


incroyable 


g © < -. S5«, «■* -•- 
S x a CD *^ a rs _ 


craindre...ne{2) 


ne sejlatter pas 


affligeant (2) 


2.1-S s^s.* 


ne craindre pas (2) 


ne s'imaginer pas 


agreable '■ 


S * O" *• «.» 


defendre (1) 


ne paraitre pas 


a prop os 




dSfier (1 ) 


ne penserpas 


bon 


^8 lb 


demander (1) 


ne presumer pas 


convenable 


desesper er (2) 


ne prevoir pas 


cruel 


desirer (2) 


neprouverpas 


desagreable 




efo're ( 1 ) 


ne promettre pas 


egal 


••!* « » D * - 
S ^ » S ^ C 


discowvem'r 


ne se rappeler pas 


effroyable 


§ cj cr ?, «* ^ « 


we cfo'sconuemr pas 


tie repondre pas 


etonnant 


H^it-- 


ciWer 


ne se souvenir pas 


expedient 


r^» s l^ B 


we douter pas 


ne trouver pas 


fdcheux 




s 1 cmbarrasscr peu 


ne voir pas 


heureux 


2 as.n - 06 * 3 


empecher ( 1 ) * 




honteux 


n' empecher pas (1) 




impossible 


S. » r- 5 g 


s'etfonner 


OT 


indifferent 


ft o 1 o- 


eiuter 


acquiescer a ce que § 


inuule 


ci i ^ 2 ° 


exiger 


autoriser a ce que £ 


malheureux 


fS'S" « S 


faire 


consentir a ce que ' „• 


mieux 


1 g S " s- 


falloir (il) (2) 


vti'ller a ce que '-g 


naturel 


2 o? 2 a^» 


prendre garde 


tenir a ce que 8 


necessaire 


g ? * 3 2 


s'e« manquer, peu (il) 


tenir la main a ce S 


opportun 


c^C. — • a «a 

(<s - CD — ^ 


meriter (2) 


que £ 


rare 


2. q a. a> 


mer 


• 


urgent 


§"^5 ^r 


ne nier pas 




utile 




ordonner (1) 


avoir besoin (2) 


c'est un bonheur 


"> a -i **» u * 


permettre (1) 


avoir envie 


c'est un malheur 




aiwr pewr (2) 


avoir regret 


c'est dommage 


s 5*s. II 


ne pas avoir peur (2) 




c'est une honte 


2 o a c S- 


se plaindre (2) 




il est de Vinieret 


* q- §: * » 


preferer (2) 






fid «* 5 S "> 


pretendre (2) 


il n'est pas certain 




^ *^« r* O 


redouter 


il n'est pas evident 


N, B. And 


««•. Si/ »^ Si 

§ -» a ^ 


ne redouter pas 
regretter (2) 


il n'est pas manifeste 


all others which 




il n'est pas probable 


have the same 




se rejouir (2) 


il n'est pas swr 


sense. 


iis e r 



45 



§ XXII. 

THE AUXILIARY, REGULAR, AND IRREGULAR VERBS. 

To be learned in the following order: 



AUX. VERBS. 

avoir 
etre 

REG. VERBS. 



Aimer ") 
prier 
ovblier ! 
percer 
manger \ 
juger J 
finir ■> 
punir* 3 
rendre ~) 
repandre 
fondre 
repondre 
battre 

abattre \ 
rompre 
corrompre 
mordre 
tordre 
perdre 
recevoir ~) 
concevoir f 
devoir J 



IRREG. VERBS. 

absoudre > 
dissoudre y 
resoudre 
acquirir ") 
rcqucrir J. 
conquerir J 
paraitre ^ 
connaUre [ 
croitre 
paUre J 
aller ~} 

s'en aller $ 
assaillir 
eueillir ^ 
tressaillir * 
saillir \ 
{io project) J 
asseoir } 
rasseoir \ 



payer "] 
effrai/er \ 
grasscyer J 
boire 
bouillir 
conclure 
coudre 
courir ~) 
secourir \ 
ecrire J 
prescrire $ 
croire 
dire ~) 
redire $ 
predire 
conlredire 
maudire 
dormir ~\ 
sentir 
mcntir 
se repentir 
servir 
partir 
sortir 
venir ~) 
tenir $ 
envoyer 
fairc 
dtfaire 
conlrcfaire 
circoncire 
suffire 
con fire 
offrir 
souffrir 
ouvrir 
couvrir 
fuir I 
s'cnfuir $ 
hair 
craindre 
pcindre 
joindrc 
lire ) 
Hire $ 
mettrc 
promeilrc 
moudrc 
mouvoir 
| naUre 



vivre ^ 

survirre ^ 
mourir 
ployer 
noyer 
neUoyer 
pi aire 
I aire 
pleuvoir 
pouvoir 
veuloir 
falloir 
voir 
vrevoir 
pour voir 
valoir 
prevaloir 
savoir 

suivre ) 
poursuivre $ 
surseoir 
traire ) 
distraire > 
soustraire ) 
produire ) 
conduire $ 
luire 
nuire 
appuyer 
cnmiyer 
vaincre 
convaincre 
vctir 
revetir 
asservir ~] 
assortir 
repartir 
to share, 
to reply. 
res sortir 
to be on 
der the 
jurisdic- 
tion of. 
saillir to 
gush out. j 
appder \ -5 ^ 
jetcr f £ ° 
metier ( bir 
ctder ) ^ ? 



* 



r-S 

I X 



*\Vhen referred to in § XX, use fair, p. 34. 



OBSERVATION. 

The use of the French Subjunctive 
Mood being very difficult, scholars 
ought to he exercised in it for some 
time, and connect them with the 
verbs of the foregoing page, the sub- 
junctive of all verbs of this page, as 
follows : 

J'admets que tu aies — tu admires 
qu'il soit — il agree que nous aim- 
ions — nous apprehendons que vous ne 
\finissiez — vous n' apprehended pas 
\qu'ils punissent ^—ils approuvent queje 
\rende. 

SHI arrivait queje repandisses — 
fatlendais que tufondisses — tu com- 
mandais qu'il repondit — il comprenait 
que nous bdtissions — nous concevions 
\que vous abattissiez — vous conseilliez 
qu'ils rompissent — Us consentaient que 
je corrompisse. 

Je craignis que tu ne mordisses — tu 
ne craignis pas qu'il tordtt — il defendit 
que nous pcrdissions — nous defidmes 
que vous recussicz — vous descsperdtes 
qu'ils concussent — Us ne desespererent 
pas queje ne dusse. 

Je desircrdi que tu absolves — tu di- 
\ras quHl dissolve — il disconviendra que 
\nous 7ious resolvions — nous ne discon- 
viendrons pas que vous riacquiriez — 
vous doutcrcz qu'ils requiemit, Us ne 
\doulerontpas queje ne conquiere. 

Je m'embarrasserais peu que tupa- 
russes — tu empecherais qu'il neconnut 
— il n'emptchcrait pas que nous crus- 
sions — nous entendrions que vous alias- 
siez — vous vous Uonneriez qiCils s'en 
allassent — Us cviteraicnt que f assail- 
lisse, &c &c. &c. 

ft follows, from the foregoing 
method, that after the present and 
future tense of the indicative, we use 
ihe present of the subjunctive mood ; 
and that, after the other tenses of the 
indicative, we employ the imperfect 
of the subjunctive. After the imper- 
itive mood we also use the present 
of the subjunctive. — After the com- 
pound tenses of the verb, we use 
generally the second tense of the sub- 
junctive. 



46 



I XXIII. 



When an infinitive follows the subjoined verbs, the French put neither a nor de, 
before that infinitive. 

Affirmer, aimer autant, aimer mieux. aller (to go and,) aller pour (to go" 
in order to,) — appeler, assurer, avouer, etre cense, compter, confesser, croire, 
courir , daigner \ declarer, desirer*, devoir, ecouter, entendre, envoyer, espe- 
rer* , faillir,f aire, fall oir 9 sHmaginer, mener, nier, oser, paraitre, penser (to 
belike) — penser a (to think of) — pouvoir, pretendre, prevoir, protester, 
publier, reconnaitre, regarder, retourner, revenir, savoir, sembler, sentir — 
se sentir de (to have still something of) — souhaiter*, soutenir, temoigner, 
rualoir autant, valoir mieux, venir (to come and) — venir pour (to come in 
order to) — if it 'happens, sHlvient a — 1 have just, jeviensde — voir,vouloir 
(and perhaps some others.) 

(*) The infinitive of desirer, esperer,souhaiter, requires de before the following 
verb : and we now say, Je desire, de... 



\ XXIV. 



pa 

3 



When an infinitive follows the subjoined verb, the French put a or de before 
that infinitive. 

S'abaisser a (jusqu^a) aboutir, accoutumer, etre accoutume — s'acharner,^ 
acquiescer, admettre, aider, s'amuser, appliquer, apprendre, appreter, 
i'arreter, aspirer, assigner y assujetir, »streindre, s'attacher, s'attendre, 
autoriser, avoir, balancer, borner, chercher, commencer* — commencer par 
(to begin with)— se complaire, concourir, condamner, condescendre, consen- 
tir* — consister, continuer* — contraindre* — contribuer, convier* — deman- 
ded — demeurer, depenser, destiner, determiner, dijferer* — disposer, di- 
vertir, donner, dresser, s^efforcer* — employer, s'emporter, s' 'empresser* 
sfengager* — enhardir, ens eigner,s 'entendre, entrainer, s'epuiser, s'essayer . 
— essayer de — s'etudier, exceller, exercer, exhorter* — exposer, sefatiguer, ' 
forcer* — etre force* — habituer, se hasarder* — hesiter, incliner, induire, 
instruire, inviter* — jouer, se laisser aller, se mettre, obliger* — s'obstiner, 
s'occuper* — S'offirir* — s'opini&trer. parvenir, passer — perdre, perseverer, 
persister, se plaire — prendre plaisir, porter, pousser, preparer, prier (to 
invite) — reduire, renoncer, repugner, resister, se rhoudre* — resoudre quel- 
qu'un, rester, rSussir, se risquer, servir—solliciter* — songer, se soumettre, 
suffire — tacher a better de — tarder — tendre, tenir, travailler, trouver, se 
iuer* — user, verser d.boire, viser. 

* a preferable, de to avoid its repetition. 

§xxv. 

With the demonstrative ce, cela, before etre, the subjoined adjectives require « 
before the infinitive ; and with the impersonal pronoun il, they require de before 
the infinitive. • 

Admirable, affreux, agreable, desagreable, atse, malaise, beau, bon, charmant, doux, 
etrange, difficile, facile , hideux, honnete, malhonnete, civil, incivil, terrible, horrible. 

The following require, a. 
Accoutume, adroit, agile, apre, diligent, dispose, em pre s<e, enclin, exact, habile, 
hardi, inter esse , lent, negligent, obstme. opinidtre. paresseux, ponctuel, porti,pret, 
prompt, propre, sujet, le premier, le second, &c. le dernier, le seul. 



In the other cases, the French make use of de before the infinitive. 



47 



§ XXVI. 

OF THE EXACT USE OF THE IMPERFECT AND PERFECT. 



hlPERFECT. 

(') 

Every action past, which is not considered 
at an end must be put in the imperfect tense. 

He wished to see my friend (but he did 
not.) his wife did not wish it — // voulait 
voir mon ami, (mais il ne le vit pas,) sa 
femme ne le voidutpas. Here the wish of 
the husband is in the imperfect, becau-e 
it was not realised ; and that of the wife 
in the perfect, because it was. 

(2) 

Every action past, but interrupted before 
it arrives at its end, must be put in the im- 
perfect. 

General Jesup was on duty as soon as 
war was renewed — Le General Jesup etait 
a son poste aussitot que la guerre recom- 
menca. Here the peace was interrupt- 
ed. 



(3) 

Every action past, though perhaps not re- 
peated, but which may have been so, and to 
which no epoch is assigned, must be put in 
the imperfect. 

St. Augustin has said : Love God and 
do what you please — St. Augustin disait : 
Aimez Dieu et faites tout ce qu'il vous 
plaira. No epoch is assigned to that ac 
tion. 

(") 

In short, every action past considered 
during its continuance, and not at its 
beginning or end, must be put in the im- 
perfect. 

I was yesterday at the play when my 
friend came in — Telais hier au Stnat 
quand tnon ami y entra. Here the action 
of being at the Senate, was not yet at an 
end. 



Perf 



ect. 



(i) 

Every action past, which is considered 
at an end, must be put in the perfect tense. 
He wished particularly to see my friend, 
(and he saw him,) his wife did not wish it— 
// voulut absolument voir mon ami (et il 
le vit) sa femme ne le voulait pas. Here 
the wish ot the husband is in the perfect, 
because it was realised ; and that of the 
wife in the imperfect, because it was not 
realised. 

(2) 

Every action past and arrived at its end, 
however Long it may be, must be put in the 
perfect. 

When peace was signed, from a skilful 
General he became an eminent adminis- 
trator — Quand la paix tut signee, a" 'habile 
General il devint un administrateur distin- 
gue. Here we arrive at the end of the 
war. 

(3) 

Every action past, though it be repeated ', 
provided it be within a fixed epoch, and that 
we speak of all the times it happened, must 
be put in the perfect. 

She told me a hundred times that she 
would go to Paris — Elle me dit cent fois 
qu'elle trait a Paris. Epoch fixed though 
repeated. 



(*) 

In short, every action past which is con- 
sidercd not during Us continuance, but 
cither at its beginning or end, must be put 
in the perfect. 

I was at the play yesterday, and came 
out to speak to my friend — Jefus hier au 
Senat etj'en sortis pour parler a mon ami. 
Here the action of being at the Senate is 
at an end 



(5) 
You may say : Napoleon etait un grand homme ; NapoUon fut un grand hommt , 
or even, Napoleon a tie un grand homme : but the first sentence, considers Napo- 
leon as still living ; the second, considers him after his death ; and the third, con- 
siders him from the time of his death till the present period, 



48 



§ XXVII. 

USE OF THE PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 

The Participle Present of the Infinitive mood, which is always invariable, is used 
in French to express the motives or circumstances of an action not yet ended, or 
to describe the state not yet at an end of persons or things. 

It is used either alone or with the preposition en. — When it relates more to the 
person who is doing another action, than to this other action itself, we do not make 
iise of en ; but when it relates more to the action, than to the person or thing that is 
doing this other action, we employ the participle present with en — Peter, learn- 
ing his lesson well, will be rewarded by his father. Learning relates more to 
Peter, than to will be rewarded : Pierre, apprenant bien sa lecon, sera recompense 
par son pere, — When Peter sees his brother, he tells him the truth, rallying him. — 
Here rallying expresses more the way of telling the truth, than it describes the per- 
son of Peter : Quand Pierre voit sontfrere, il lux dit la verite en badinant. — Poter 
came dancing and jumping into my room — Dancing and jumping may describe either 
the way of coming in or the state of the person of Peter ; therefore we may say, 
Pierre dansant et sautant entra dans ma chambre — or Pierre entra dans ma chambre 
en dansant et sautant. 

More instances. 



You will find him taking his afternoon nap. 
The Principal perceiving me, called to me 
We hurt ourselves in calumniating others. 
Having dressed myself, I went to his house 
He is a man that goes on dying by inches. 



Vous le trouverez faisant sa mtridienne. 
Le Principal m'apercevant, m'appela. 
On se nuit en calomniant autrui. 
M'etant habille, faltai chez lui. 
Cest un homme qui s'en va mourant. 



I XXVIII. 

OF THE CONCORDANCE OF THE PARTICIPLE PAST. 



1. 

The Participle Past without an Auxiliary Verb, or joined with the Verb Etre, agrees 

with the Noun to which it relates. 



Aware of my design, my sisters frus- 
trated it. 

Convinced that I should go to see her, 
my mother did not \rrite to me. 



Instruites de mon dessein, mes scours le 
Jirent echouer. 

Convaincue que firaisla voir, ma mere 
ne m'ecrivit point. 



Reflected and Reciprocal Participles agree with the Accusatives which go before them. 

The robes which your mother had 
bought for herself. 

The promises which they made to each 
other. 



Les robes que noire mere s'est achetees, 
Les promesses qu'i7s sejontfaites. 



Reflected and Reciprocal Participles, which govern the Dative, or have their Accusa- 
tive after them, are invariable. 



These two princes succeeded each oth 



er. 



They have told each other many truths. 

Your mother has bought herself a new 
gown. 

They made each other a thousand pro- 
mises. 



Ces deux princes se sont succedS. 

lis se sont dit bien des verites. 

Votre mere s'est achete une robe neuve. 

Elles se sont fait mille prowesses. 



49 



The Participle joined with Avoir, and followed by its Accusative, or without an Accu- 
sative, is invariable. 



My sister has eaten some apples. 
She ran very fast into her room. 
We have crossed the river. 
We have told them to be gone. 
We have affirmed that they will not 
come. 



Ma sozur a mange des pommes. 

Elle a couru bien vite dans sa chambre. 

Nous avms passe la riviere. 

Nous leur avons dit de s'en alter. 

Nous avons assure qu'ils ne viendraient 



pai 



5. 



The Participle Past joined with Avoir, agrees with its Accusative or governed Case, 

when preceded by it. 



The apples which my sister ate. 
The river which we have crossed. 
Your mother, 1 have seen her at church 
Your brothers, I met them this morning 
My lover has married me. 
Thy husband has scolded thee. 
How many women I saw in the park. 
Which of your gowns had you put on r i 
What a noble action he has done ! 



Les pommes que ma sozur a mangees. 
La riviere que nous avons passee. 
Voire mere je lSaivue a Veglise. 
Vosfreres.je les ai rencontres ce matin 
Mon amant ju'a epousee. 
Ton mari t'a grondee. 
Que de femmes j'ai vues au pare ! 
Laquelle de vos robes aviez-vous mise? 
Quelle belle action it a faite! 



G. 



Between two Accusatives the Participle is variable, as follows: 



Your sister, I have seen her mistress 
at your house 

They made themselves master of the 
town. 



Voire sozur, je l'cu" vue maitresse chez 
vous. 

lis se sont rendus maitres de la ville. 



7. 

The Participle Past is invariable, when followed by an Infinitive Tense which we can- 
not change into a Participle Present. 



I have seen her painted by a good paint 
er. 

The efforts which 1 have been able to 
make. 

The promises which I wished to makf 
them. 

I suffered them to go a walking. 

I sent word to them not to come. 



Je i?ai vu peindre par un bon peintre. 

Les efforts quej'ai pu faire. 

Les promesses quej'ai voulu leur faire. 

Je les ai laisse alter se promener. 
Je les aifait avertir de ne pas venir. 



8. 



But it is variable, when this Infinitive can be changed into a Participle Present. 

Je Vai vue naitre (naissant ) 



I saw her brought into the world. 

1 saw her painting. 

I left her to die. 

1 left them (f.) going out walking. 



Je Vai vue peindre (peignant.) 
Je Vai laissee mouiir (mourant.) 
Je les ai laisstes alter (allant) se pro- 
mener. 



50 



$ XXIX. 

GALLICISMS USEFUL TO BE ACQUAINTED WITH. 
1. — On the Infinitive without a Preposition, 



That is called speaking ; that is speak- 
ing as one ought. 

Talking and doing are different things. 

I do not want to go thither. 

I do nothing but eat and drink. 

I do not want it. 

It is in vain for me to talk ; he never 
listens. 

I go, but will return instantly. 

I ! excuse a perfidious friend ! 

He ! approve of this oath! 

Why come to interrupt me ? 

What can I say to him ? How can I act ? 

Whither can I fly ? Where hide myself? 

He is not a bit the wiser for having so 
many books. 



Voild ce qui s'appelle parler, or voild 
parler comme ilfaut. 
Dire etfaire sont deux. 
Je n'ai que f aire d'y alter. 
Je nefais que boireet manger. 
Je rCai que fair e de cela. 
Tai beau parler, il ne m'ecouie pas. 

Je ne fais qu'aller et revenir. 
Moi I excuser un ami perficle ! 
Lui ! apprbuver ce serment ! 
A quel propos venir mHnterrompre ? 
Q«e lui dire ? Comment f aire ? 
Ou fuir ? Ou me cacher ? 
Pour avoir tant de livres, il n'en est pas 
plus savant. 



II. — On the Infinitive with de. 



You will destroy your health by work- 
ing too much. 

What was my astonishment at finding; 
him there. 

The good soul ! to give his money to 
the poor I 

The rogue! to impose upon tae thus ! 

The company arrived ; then began 
singing, laughing and drinking. 

As to telling you how it happened, I 
know nothing of the matter. 

You are mad to squander your fortune. 

The seeing him is enough, without 
speaking to him. 

Take care you do not fall 

I will take care how I tell it him. 



Vous ruinerez votre sante, de travailler 
trop. 

Quelfut mon etonnement de le trouver 
la! 

O le bon cceur ! de donner sa bourse avx 
pauvres .' 

Le coquin I de me surf aire ainsi ! 

On arriva ; alors de chanter, de rire et 
de boire. 

De vous dire comment cela est arrive, 
je n'en sais rien. 

Vous etesfou, de depenser votre fortune, 

Cest assez de le voir sans encore lui 
parler,, 

Prenez garde de tomber. 

Je me garderai bien de le lui dire. 



III. 

He paints delightfully. 

She dances miserably. 

Do not be iong before you return. 

To judge of it by appearances. 

It is a story to set one fast asleep. 

Upon condition ot beginning again. 

I have cause to complain of her. 

It is a pleasure to see them manoeuvre 

I have company to dinner, to supper. 

That is a law-suit that will never end. 

It is a business that will ruin you. 

It is a stable to put twenty horses in. 

My servant is equal to any thing. 

He is a rogue that deserves to be hanged 

Have you any thing to eat? 

There is merit in pardoning. 



On the Infinitive with a. 

// peint dravir, 

Elk danse a fair e pilie. 

Ne soyez pas long-temps a revenir. 

A enjuger par les apparences. 

Cest un conte a dormir debout. 

Sauf a recommencer. 

J'ai a me plaindre d'elle. 

II y a du plaisir a les voir manceuvrer. 

J'ai du monde a diner, a souper. 

Voild un proch a n'en jamais Jinir. 

Cest une affaire d vous ruiner. 

Cest une ecurie a mettre vingt chevaux, 

Cest un valet d tout faire que le mien. 

Cest un coquin .a pendre. 

Avez vous quelqae chose d manger ? 

U y adu merit t, d pardonner. 



51 

§xxx. 

GALLICISMS. 

These are some particular French expressions, very difficult to be unflerstood by 
learners, as they cannot be rendered into English verbatim. These difficulties are 
not peculiar to the French language, but common to all others ; and in these and 
other such phrases the delicacy of a language does so much consist, that it is impossi- 
ble to exhibit one's thoughts with propriety and perspicuity without being conver- 
sant with them. The following Gallicisms may serve as examples. 



These two, d'aujourdui en huit, and 
d'aujourdui en quinze, are to be rendered 
into English by this day sennight, and thn 
day fortnight. 

This French expression, avoir la bonte 
de, is Englished by these words, to be so 
kind as, with respect to the proper tense. 

This French expression, alter au-devant 
de, is to be rendered into English by to 
go and meet, used in its proper tense. 
person and number, as the sense directs 

These two expressions, faime mieux 
and f aimer oismieux, are both expressed 
in English by / had rather, or by the 
verb to choose rather ; the latter is- to be 
used in its proper tense. 

Speaking of some distemper or ailment 
we make use of avoir mat, with the ar 
tide au, a la, or aux before a substantive, 
which is Englished by to have a pain in 
if the disorder is inwardly; but by tohavt 
a sore, if it is outwardly. 

This expression, e'en est fait de mot, is 
to be rendered into English by I am un 
done, used in its proper tense, person 
and number, though it is always imper- 
sonal in French. 

This expression, demeurer en repos, i* 
to be rendered by to be quitt, or still 
with respect to its proper tense, &c. 

This phrase, il nefaut pas s'etonner, is 
rendered into English by it in no wonder, 
used impersonally through all tenses. 



This expression,^ souhaiterois pouvoir, 
in the beginning of a period ought to be 
xpressed in English by I wish I could. 

This French expression, il ne tient qu\l 

vous, is to be rendered into English by 

/* is in your power; the verb is imper- 

onal, and is used through all the tenses of 

each mood. 

These words il me tarde de, are to be 
rendered into English by / long to ; the 
French verb is only used in the present 
;tnd imperfect tenses of the indicicative 
mood. 

The manner of rendering thi9 expres- 
ion, trouver a redire a, is by these words, 

\ofind fault with, attention being given to 
he tense, person and number the verb 

is in. 

This expression, rendre des actions de 
graces is to be rendered into English by 
to return thanks, used in such tense, per- 
son, and number as the sense directs. 

These words, s'en prendre a, or aw, a la, 
kc. are Englished by either to lay the fault 
upon, or to impute it to, used in the pro- 
per tense, person and number. 

The word tout joined to an adjective, 
19 sometimes to be rendered by as or al- 
though : Example, Tout malade quHl est, 
il ptut, &.c. Though he is sick, he can, 
&.c or else, as sick as he is, he can, &c. 
and sometimes may he omitted : Example, 
>ick as he is, &c. which last construction 
is in some cases the most elegant. 



There are many other Idioms and Gallicisms which I shall omit inserting, lest 
I should swell this book too much ; the foregoing terms and expressions being suffi- 
cient to shew the genius of the French Language ; others may be easily learnt 
either by conversing with learned men, or by reading good books. 



CONTENTS. 



Pag 
8 
17 



4G 



Adjective. Its definition 
Its formation 

After which the Infinitive re- 
quires a or DE 
After which the Conjunction 
que requires the following 
Verb in the Subjunctive Mood 
Adverb. Its definition. 
Apostrophe (') A list of the words 
which are marked with an 
apostrophe before a vowel 
A list of the words beginning 
with h, before which the fore- 
going words are marked with 
an apostrophe. 
Approximative (Articles) 
Article. Its definition 
Its declension 
Of the definite 
Of the indefinite— partitive 
Of the names 
Numeral articles 
Ordinal articles 
Fractional 
Approximative 
Possessive 
Demonstrative 
Negative 

Indefinite (of Quantity) 
Observations on the article of 
proper names 
Auxiliary Verbs 
Cases 

CoNJUGATioNS.-Of Auxiliary Verbs 21,22 
Of Regular Verbs 32—36 

Of Irregular Verbs 37—43 

Conjunction. Its definition 9 

Which govern the Indicative 
Which govern the Subjunctive 
Subjunctive Mood. Its definition 
Conjunctions after which it is 

required 
Verbs and Adjectives after 

which it is required 
How the French make use of 
its tenses 45 

Declensions 12 — 13 

Degrees of Comparison 17 

Demonstrative (Articles) 15 

Demonstrative Pronouns 23 — 25 
Explicative (Pronouns) 23 — 25 

Fractional Articles 14 

Gallicisms 50 — 51 

Gender of Nouns 18 — 19 

Grammar. Its definition 5 

First part 5, et seq- 

Second part 21, et seq . 

Third part 37, et seq-Jf 



7 
14 

8 
13 
13 

is! 

13 
14 
14 
14 
14 
15 
lo 
15 
15 

16 
21 
\1 



11 

22 
30 

i 
22 

44 



Imperfect and Perfect 
: mpersonal (Pronouns) 



20 



Indefinite (Articles) 

(Pronouns) 
Irregular Verbs 
Interjection. Its definition 
Interrogative (Pronouns) 
Letters 
Mechanism of the English and French 

compared 
VIoods (of the Verb) 
Negative (Article-!) 
Noun. Its definition 

Its genders 18 

Numbers. Singular-Plural 

Of the Verb 
Numeral (Articles) 
Ordinal (Articles) 
^articiple. Its definition 

Its agreement with the Noun 
Perfect and Imperfect 
Personal (Pronouns) 26- 

Persons of the Verb 
Plural. Its formation 
Possessive (Articles) 

(Pronouns) 
Preposition. Its definition 

A list of the Prepositions 
Pronoun. Its definition 

Explicative 23- 

Demonstrative 23- 

Interrogative 26- 

Personal and Impersonal 
Possessive 
Other Pronouns 
Regular Verbs 
Tenses, Simple 
Compound 

Compound Tenses of the Verb 
Active 

of the Verb Passive 

of the Reflected and Recip- 
rocal Verb 

of the Verb Neuter 

Simple Tenses of the Verb 
Passive 
Verb Its definition 
Kinds of Verbs 
Those, after which the Con- 
junction que requires the fol- 
lowing Verb in the Subjunc- 
tive Mood 
Those, after which the French 
put neither a or de before 
an Infinitive 
Those, after which the French 
put a before an Infinitive 



Page 

47 

—23 

15 

29 

37 

9 

24 

6 

20 
30 
15 
8 
—19 
12 
32 
14 
14 
8 
48 
47 
-28 
32 
16 
15 
29 
9 
10 
8 
-25 
-25 
-28 
26 
29 
29 
32 
31 
31 

31 
31 

31 

32 

31 
8 

30 



44 

4& 

4* 













003 122 467 6 



